Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezixhobo zokukhusela ze-Surge kunye nabaphuli besekethe
- Umahluko phakathi kwezixhobo zokukhusela i-surge kunye ne-Circuit Breakers
Isixhobo sokukhusela ukugquma kwe-1.1
Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza (i-SPD), esaziwa ngokuba yi-low voltage lightning arrester okanye i-low voltage surge arrester, sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuvuza okubangelwa kukuvuza okunamandla okuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwiisekethe zombane okanye kwiintambo zonxibelelwano, ngaloo ndlela sikhusela izixhobo. Umgaqo waso osebenzayo kukuba xa kuvela ukuvuza okungaphaya kwamandla okanye ukuvuza okungaphezulu kwamandla kwisekethe, isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza siya kukhawuleza siqhube, sijike siye emhlabeni.
Ngokweentlobo zezixhobo ezikhuselweyo, izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza zinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza ngamandla kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwesignali. Izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza ngamandla zinokwahlulwahlulwa ngakumbi, ngokusekwe kumthamo wokukhusela, zibe ziizixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwamandla zohlobo 1, Uhlobo 2, Uhlobo 3, kunye nohlobo 4. Izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwesignali ziquka izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwesignali yenethiwekhi, izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwevidiyo, izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwe-3-in-1, izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwesignali yokulawula, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwesignali ye-RF (antenna-feeder).
1.2 Isixhobo sokwaphula iisekethe
Isixhobo sokwaphula isekethe, ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba yi-air switch, sisixhobo sokhuseleko esisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zombane. Siqhawula isekethe ngokuzenzekelayo xa umbane udlula umda omiselweyo. Oku kukhusela iisekethe zombane kunye nezixhobo kwimiba efana neesekethe ezimfutshane okanye ukugqithisa kakhulu.
Abantu badla ngokusebenzisa ii-circuit breakers ukulawula umbane kwiindawo ezifana neenkqubo zokukhanyisa okanye amagumbi okumpompa. Esi sixhobo sisebenza ngokuxhomekeke kubushushu. Xa umbane omninzi kakhulu udlula kwi-breaker, uvelisa ubushushu. Obu bushushu bubangela ukuba umcu wesinyithi ngaphakathi kwi-breaker ugobe. Ngenxa yoko, i-breaker iyakhubeka ize inqumle umbane. Oku kuthintela umonakalo kwizixhobo obangelwa ngumbane ogqithisileyo.
- Umahluko Phakathi Kwezixhobo Ezimbini
2.1 Imigaqo yokusebenza yahlukile: Isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge senza xa kwenzeka i-transient overvoltage kwisekethe, sijika i-voltage engaphezulu iye emhlabeni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-circuit breaker iqhawula isekethe ngokuzenzekelayo xa i-current idlula umda omiselweyo, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela izixhobo zombane.
2.2 Imisebenzi yokukhusela yahlukile: Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza kwesangqa senzelwe ukukhusela izixhobo zombane nezonxibelelwano ekonakalisweni kokuvuza kwesangqa ngaphakathi kwesekethe. Kwelinye icala, i-circuit breaker ikhusela isekethe kwiimpazamo ezifana nee-short circuits kunye nokugqithisa kakhulu.
Izikopu zokukhusela zahlukile: Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza singakhusela zombini iinkqubo zombane kunye neentambo zonxibelelwano. I-circuit breaker inqunyelwe ekukhuseleni izixhobo zombane eziqhagamshelwe kwi-power circuit.
- Ulwazi oluSiseko loKhetho lweSixhobo soKhuselo lweSurge (SPD)
Izinto eziphambili zokukhetha isixhobo sokukhusela ukugquma ziquka oku kulandelayo:
Inqanaba lokukhusela i-voltage (Up) kufuneka likhethwe ngokwe-standing voltage yezixhobo ezikhuselweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-protection voltage iphantsi kunenqanaba le-insulation stain, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela izixhobo kumonakalo obangelwa yi-overvoltage. Ixabiso le-Up kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-80% ye-insulation stain voltage yezixhobo ezikhuselweyo. Umzekelo, kwibhokisi yokusasazwa kwesebe yesakhiwo sokuhlala, ixabiso le-Up lidla ngokukhethwa phakathi kwe-1.5kV kunye ne-2.5kV. Xa kukhuselwa izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinobuthathaka ezifana neenkqubo zokulawula ikhaya elikrelekrele, ixabiso le-Up eliphantsi kufuneka likhethwe.
I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (Uc) ibonisa i-AC RMS ephezulu okanye i-DC voltage enokumelana nayo ngokukhuselekileyo i-SPD ixesha elide. Ifanele ibe nkulu kune-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu enokuvela kwinkqubo kwaye ikhethwa ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwi-voltage eqhelekileyo yenkqubo. Kwinkqubo yombane yokuhlala ye-220V/380V, ixabiso le-Uc le-385V okanye i-420V lidla ngokukhethwa. Kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic, ixabiso le-Uc lesixhobo sokukhusela i-surge kufuneka likhethwe ngokusekelwe kwi-voltage ephezulu yokufaka ye-inverter ye-photovoltaic. Xa inkqubo yombane inokuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-voltage, kufuneka kukhethwe ixabiso eliphezulu le-Uc.
Umthamo wokukhupha ubhekisa kumthamo ophezulu wokukhupha umoya onokuthi umiwe yi-SPD kwisiganeko esinye sokukhupha umoya. Ubandakanya umbane okhutshwayo nowe-nominal (In) kunye nombane okhutshwayo nowe-nominal (Imax). Ukukhetha kufuneka kusekelwe kwindawo yokufakela kunye nobukhali obunokubakho bokukhupha umbane. Umzekelo, kwibhokisi ephambili yokuhambisa, kufuneka umthamo omkhulu wokukhupha umoya, ngelixa kwibhokisi yokuhambisa yesiphelo, umthamo omncinci unokwanela. Umthamo wokukhupha umoya nowe-nominal (In) umele inqanaba lombane okhutshwayo onokuthi umiwe yi-SPD ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle komonakalo. Ukukhetha i-In kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nendawo, ukuphakama, indawo engqongileyo, kunye nenqanaba lokukhusela umbane elifunekayo. Kwiindawo zasezidolophini ezinezakhiwo ezinde ezijikelezileyo, i-In inokukhethwa njenge-20kA; kwiindawo ezivulekileyo okanye kwimimandla enomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokukhanyisa umbane, i-In kufuneka ibe yi-30kA okanye ngaphezulu.
Umsinga wokukhupha umbane ophezulu (i-Imax) umele umsinga ophezulu wokukhupha umbane i-SPD enokumelana nawo kwimeko enye. Ukhetho lufana no-In kodwa kufuneka luqwalasele imeko-bume yokufakela, ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo, kunye nexabiso lezixhobo. Kwizakhiwo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo, i-Imax inokukhethwa phakathi kwe-40kA kunye ne-60kA; kwizakhiwo zokuhlala eziphezulu okanye kwiindawo ezinezixhobo ezibalulekileyo, i-Imax kufuneka ibe yi-80kA nangaphezulu.
Ixesha lokuphendula libonisa isantya se-SPD ekuphenduleni xa umbane usanda. Okukhona ixesha lokuphendula lifutshane, kokukhona kungcono. Ngokubanzi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ii-SPD ezinexesha lokuphendula elingaphantsi kwama-25ns ukuqinisekisa ukucima ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhupha umbane, ukunciphisa umonakalo onokubakho kwizixhobo.