Intshayelelo

Ngowama-2024, ilahleko ethe ngqo kwezoqoqosho ebangelwe kukubethwa ngumbane kwihlabathi liphela ifikelele kwi-4.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zaseMelika, phantse i-60% yale lahleko ibangelwa kukungakhuseleki ngokwaneleyo kweenkqubo zombane. Njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokumelana nokunyuka kwamandla ombane, umgangatho wokufakelwa kwezixhobo zokukhusela amandla ombane (ii-SPD) umisela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yonke yamandla. Eli nqaku liza kujonga kwiimfihlo zokufakelwa kwale "power guardian", likukhokele kwisisombululo esibanzi ukusuka kumgaqo ukuya kwisicelo esisebenzayo.

Ⅰ. Ukuqonda "Isixhobo sokukhusela i-Surge (ii-SPD)"

Kwiziko ledatha eDubai, iqela leeseva ezixabisa izigidi ezi-2 zeerandi zaseMelika zonakaliswe yimvula enkulu kuba zazingenazo ii-SPD. Eli tyala lokwenyani lityhila indawo ephambili yezikhuseli zokushushuba kwamandla kwiinkqubo zamandla zanamhlanje.

1.1 Yintoni isikhuseli sokunyuka?

I-SPD ngokuyintloko "yivalvu yombane ekrelekrele". Xa ibona i-voltage ephezulu engaqhelekanga, inokumisela indlela yokukhupha ngaphakathi kwexesha le-nanosecond (isantya esiphindwe kalikhulu kunesokuqhwanyaza komntu). Ngokungafaniyo neziqhekezi zesekethe eziqhelekileyo, yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusingatha ii-voltage ezinde kakhulu (inqanaba le-microsecond) kodwa ezinamandla kakhulu.

1.2 Imithombo emithathu ephambili yokukhukhuleka kwamanzi ekufuneka ithintelwe

• Ukugquma kwendalo: Umbane ogqithisileyo obangelwa ngumbane unokuvelisa umsinga we-100,000 amperes ngephanyazo.

• Iingxaki ezifihlakeleyo kwigridi yombane: Umbane ogqithisileyo osebenzayo obangelwa kukuqala nokuyeka kwezixhobo ezinkulu udla ngokuvela kwiindawo zoshishino.

• Ukuzilimaza kwenkqubo: Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwe-resonance olubangelwa kukutshintsha kwee-capacitors kunye nee-inductors.

Ⅱ. Ukutyhila indlela "yokuphendula uxinzelelo" ye-SPD

Uphando olwenziwe yiPower Laboratory yeTechnical University yaseMunich lubonisa ukuba ngokwamkela inkqubo yokukhusela enamanqanaba amathathu equka iType1, iType2, kunye neType3, amathuba okonakala kwezixhobo anokuncitshiswa ngama-98%. Olu lwakhiwo "lokuzikhusela olunemigangatho emininzi" lufana nokwakha iifirewall ezintathu zenkqubo yombane.

2.1 Uthelekiso lwemigaqo yokusebenza yezinto eziphambili

2.2 Icebo "lokukhusela i-cascade" elaziwa kancinci

Uphando olwenziwe yiPower Laboratory yeTechnical University yaseMunich lubonisa ukuba ngokwamkela inkqubo yokukhusela enamanqanaba amathathu equka iType1, iType2, kunye neType3, amathuba okonakala kwezixhobo anokuncitshiswa ngama-98%. Olu lwakhiwo "lokuzikhusela olunemigangatho emininzi" lufana nokwakha iifirewall ezintathu zenkqubo yombane.

Ⅲ. Umgibe wokukhetha: 90% yabasebenzisi bayawatyeshela amanqaku aphambili

Isibhedlele eSingapore sikhethe imodeli ye-SPD engalunganga, nto leyo eyabangela umonakalo oqhubekayo wezixhobo ze-MRI ezixabisa amashumi ezigidi ngexesha leemvula. Esi sifundo sibuhlungu sityhila ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwemodeli.

3.1 Iimpazamo Ezine Eziphambili Zokukhetha Ezibulalayo

- Ingcamango Engachanekanga 1: Ukugxila kwixabiso kuphela ngelixa ungalinaki ixabiso eliphezulu (Ifektri ethile ivaliwe ngenxa yokonga iindleko ze-$300, nto leyo ebangele ilahleko yemveliso ye-$230,000)

- Ingcamango ephosakeleyo 2: Ukungawunaki umthelela wobushushu obungqongileyo (I-SPD kwiprojekthi eseMbindi Mpuma yawa ngaphambi kwexesha ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu)

- Ingcamango Engachanekanga 3: Iiparameter ezididayo ze-In kunye ne-Imax (ezibangela indawo engabonakaliyo yokukhusela)

- Ingcamango engeyiyo 4: Iinkqubo zokumisa umhlaba ezingahambelaniyo (okubangela ukuba imeko "yomkhuseli ibe mandundu xa ekhuselwe ngakumbi")

3.2 Ifomula yokukhetha ecetyiswa ziingcali

Imodeli ye-SPD esebenzayo = (Ixabiso le-voltage yezixhobo × 0.7)

Ⅳ. Ukuziqhelanisa noFakelo: Umsebenzi woBugcisa oNwabisayo

Ngokwencwadi yesikhokelo sokufakela yeTokyo Electric Power Company, ukulandelelana kweentambo ngendlela engalunganga kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-SPD ngama-70%. Le ilandelayo yinkqubo eqhelekileyo eye yangqinwa kweli candelo kangangeminyaka engama-20.

4.1 Indlela yoFakelo lweGolden Six-Step-Step

• Ukuqinisekiswa kokusilela kombane: Sebenzisa indlela yokuqinisekisa abantu ababini (omnye umntu usebenza kwaye omnye uyajonga)

• Ukukhetha indawo: Akufanelanga kudlule i-0.5 yeemitha ukusuka kwindawo yokumisa umhlaba (ukuba umgama udlula oku, ububanzi bentambo kufuneka bunyuswe)

• Ulungelelwaniso lwezigaba: Sebenzisa ikhowudi yombala kunye ne-multimeter ukuze uqinisekise kabini

• Inkqubo yoqhagamshelo: Sebenzisa i-hydraulic pliers ukuze uqhoboshe, kwaye uphephe ukujija okulula

• Unyango lokusila: Sila umphezulu odibeneyo ude ukhanye intsimbi

• Uvavanyo lomsebenzi: Sebenzisa umvavanyi we-SPD ozinikeleyo

4.2 Uhlalutyo lweeMpazamo eziqhelekileyo

- Ityala 1: Iziko ledatha lihlulekile ukwenza uqhagamshelo lwezixhobo, nto leyo ebangele ukungaphumeleli kwe-SPD.

- Ityala lesi-2: Xa ifakwe ngaxeshanye, umgama wokuqhawula awuzange uqwalaselwe, nto leyo eyabangela indawo engabonakaliyo yokukhusela.

- Ityala lesi-3: Ukusebenzisa iingcingo zokumisa umhlaba ze-aluminium core kukhokelele ekuboleni nasekujikelezeni kombane.

Ⅴ. Ezi nkcukacha zimisela ubomi kunye nokufa kwe-SPD

5.1 Izinto ezintandathu ekufuneka uziphephe xa ufaka izinto

- Musa ukufaka ngaphakathi kwe-1 meter ukusuka kwindawo apho kuphuma khona i-vibration.

- Musa ukubeka ndawonye neegesi ezirhabaxa.

- Musa ukufaka xa i-engile iphambuka ngaphezu kwe-5° ukusuka ethe nkqo.

- Musa ukufaka kwindawo evalekileyo apho ubushushu bungacocwanga kakuhle khona.

- Musa ukufaka kufutshane ngaphezu kwe-30 cm ukusuka kwezinye izinto ezivelisa ubushushu.

- Musa ukufaka kwindawo enothuli ngaphandle kwesigqubuthelo sokukhusela.

5.2 Umjikelo Wokugcinwa Kwegama Eliyimfihlo

- Iindawo ezikunxweme: Jonga kanye ngekota nganye

- Iindawo ezineendudumo ezixhaphakileyo: Jonga ngoko nangoko emva kwendudumo nganye

- Iindawo zoshishino: Yenza uhlolo olubonakalayo nyanga nganye

- Iindawo zorhwebo eziqhelekileyo: Yiba nohlolo lobuchwephesha minyaka le

Isiphelo

Kanye njengokuba uGqr. Smith, ingcali evela kwiKhomishini ye-International Electrotechnical, wathi: "Iprojekthi yokufakela i-SPD efanelekileyo kufuneka ibe yindibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yezixhobo, ulwazi kunye namava." Kwicandelo lokhuseleko lombane, iinkcukacha zizinto eziphila ubomi. Ukukhetha isikhuseli sokushushu esifanelekileyo kunye nokusifaka ngokuchanekileyo akukuphela nje kokukhusela izixhobo, kodwa kukwabonisa intlonipho ngobomi.