Intshayelelo

Kwiinkqubo zamandla zanamhlanje kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, ii-surge protectors (ii-SPD) kunye nee-inverters, njengezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo, ukusebenza kwazo ngokubambisana kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo kwenkqubo yonke. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki zamandla, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwezi zimbini kuye kwanda kakhulu. Eli nqaku liza kujonga kwimigaqo yokusebenza, iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha, iindlela zokufakela ii-SPD kunye nee-inverters, kunye nendlela ezinokudityaniswa ngayo ngokugqibeleleyo ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zamandla.

 

 

Isahluko 1: Uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwabaKhuseli bokuKhukula

 

1.1 Yintoni isikhuseli sokunyuka?

 

Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza (i-SPD ngamafutshane), esaziwa ngokuba yi-surge arrester okanye i-overvoltage protector, sisixhobo se-elektroniki esibonelela ngokhuseleko kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki, izixhobo, kunye neentambo zonxibelelwano. Singakwazi ukuqhagamshela isekethe ekhuselweyo kwinkqubo ye-equipotential ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, okwenza amandla kwizibuko ngalinye lesixhobo alingane, kwaye ngaxeshanye sikhulule umsinga wokuvuza owenziwe kwisekethe ngenxa yokubetha kombane okanye imisebenzi yokutshintsha emhlabeni, ngaloo ndlela sikhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ekonakaleni.

 

Izikhuseli zokugquma zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nonxibelelwano, amandla, ukukhanyisa, ukubeka esweni, kunye nolawulo lwemizi-mveliso, kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo neyimfuneko yobunjineli banamhlanje bokukhusela umbane. Ngokwemigangatho yeKhomishini ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), izikhuseli zokugquma zinokuhlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: Uhlobo I (lokukhusela umbane ngqo), Uhlobo II (lokukhusela inkqubo yokusasazwa), kunye noHlelo III (lokukhusela izixhobo zesiphelo).

 

1.2 Umgaqo Wokusebenza Womkhuseli Wokuxhaphaka

 

Umgaqo oyintloko wokusebenza kwesikhuseli sokunyuka usekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto ezingezizo ezomgca (ezifana nee-varistors, iityhubhu zokukhupha igesi, ii-diodes zokunciphisa i-voltage transient, njl.njl.). Phantsi kwe-voltage eqhelekileyo, zibonisa imeko ye-impedance ephezulu kwaye azinampembelelo kangako ekusebenzeni kwesekethe. Xa kwenzeka i-voltage yokukhuphuka, ezi zinto zinokutshintshela kwimeko ye-impedance ephantsi ngaphakathi kwe-nanoseconds, zijika amandla e-overvoltage aye emhlabeni kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinciphise i-voltage kwizixhobo ezikhuselweyo ukuya kuluhlu olukhuselekileyo.

Inkqubo ethile yokusebenza inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amane:

 

1.2.1 Inqanaba lokubeka iliso

 

I-SPD conIjonga rhoqo ukuguquguquka kwe-voltage kwisekethe. Ihlala ikwimeko ye-high-impedance ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-voltage oluqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo.

 

1.2.2 Inqanaba lokuphendula

 

Xa i-voltage ifunyenwe ukuba idlula umda obekiweyo (njenge-385V kwinkqubo ye-220V), into ekhuselayo iphendula ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana emincinci.

 

1.2.3 Ukukhutshwa iqonga

Isixhobo sokukhusela sitshintshela kwimeko ye-low-impedance, senza indlela yokukhupha umbane ukuze uqondise umbane ogqithisileyo emhlabeni, ngelixa ubamba i-voltage kwizixhobo ezikhuselweyo ukuya kwinqanaba elikhuselekileyo.

 

1.2.4 Inqanaba lokuchacha:

Emva kokunyuka, icandelo lokukhusela libuyela ngokuzenzekelayo kwimeko yokuthintela okuphezulu, kwaye inkqubo iqalisa ukusebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Kwiintlobo ezingazilungisiyo, ukutshintshwa kwemodyuli kunokufuneka.

 

1.3 Njani ukuya khetha isikhuseli sokunyuka

 

Ukukhetha isikhuseli sokunyuka esifanelekileyo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa isiphumo sokhuseleko esingcono kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho.

 

1.3.1 Khetha uhlobo olusekelwe kwiimpawu zenkqubo

 

- Iinkqubo zokusasazwa kwamandla ze-TT, TN okanye ze-IT zifuna iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-SPD

- Ii-SPD zeenkqubo ze-AC kunye neenkqubo ze-DC (ezifana neenkqubo ze-photovoltaic) azinakuxutywa

- Umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zesigaba esinye kunye neenkqubo zesigaba sesithathu

 

1.3.2 Isitshixo Ukuthelekiswa kweParameter

 

- I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (Uc) kufuneka ibe phezulu kune-voltage eqhubekayo ephezulu enokubakho kwinkqubo (ngesiqhelo iphindwe kayi-1.15-1.5 ye-voltage elinganisiweyo yenkqubo)

- Inqanaba lokukhusela i-voltage (Phezulu) kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kune-voltage yokumelana yezixhobo ezikhuselweyo

- Umsinga wokukhupha amanzi (In) kunye nomsinga wokukhupha amanzi ophezulu (Imax) kufuneka zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokufakela kunye nobunzulu bokugaleleka kwamanzi okulindelekileyo.

- Ixesha lokuphendula kufuneka likhawuleze ngokwaneleyo (ngesiqhelo

 

1.3.3 Ufakelo izinto eziqwalaselwayo kwindawo

 

- Indawo yokungena kombane kufuneka ixhotyiswe nge-Class I okanye iClass II SPD

- Iphaneli yokusasaza ingaxhotyiswa ngeClass II SPD

- Isiphelo esingaphambili sesixhobo kufuneka sikhuselwe yi-SPD yokukhusela iifine zeKlasi III

 

1.3.4 ekhethekileyo Iimfuneko zeNdalo

 

- Ukufakela ngaphandle, cinga ngemilinganiselo yokungena kwamanzi kunye nokuphepha uthuli (IP65 okanye ngaphezulu)

- Kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu, khetha ii-SPD ezifanelekileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu

- Kwiindawo ezirhabaxa, khetha iindawo ezivalekileyo ezineempawu zokulwa nokugqwala

 

1.3.5 Isiqinisekiso Imigangatho

 

- Iyahambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-IEC 61643 kunye ne-UL 1449

- Iqinisekiswe yi-CE, i-TUV, njl.njl.

- Kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic, kufuneka zihambelane nomgangatho we-IEC 61643-31

 

1.4 Indlela yokwenza faka umkhuseli wokunyuka

 

Ukufakela ngokuchanekileyo sisitshixo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezikhuseli ze-surge. Nantsi isikhokelo sokufakelwa sobuchwephesha

 

1.4.1 Ufakelo Indawo Ukhetho

 

- I-SPD yokungena kwamandla kufuneka ifakwe kwibhokisi ephambili yokusasaza, kufutshane kakhulu nesiphelo somgca ongenayo.

- Ibhokisi yesibini yokusasaza i-SPD kufuneka ifakwe emva kokutshintsha.

- I-SPD engaphambili yezixhobo kufuneka ibekwe kufutshane kangangoko nezixhobo ezikhuselweyo (kucetyiswa ukuba umgama ube ngaphantsi kweemitha ezi-5).

 

1.4.2 Iintambo zocingo Iinkcukacha

 

- Indlela yoqhagamshelwano "V" (uqhagamshelwano lweKelvin) inokunciphisa impembelelo yokufakwa kwelothe.

- Iingcingo ezidibanisayo mazibe mfutshane kwaye zithe tye kangangoko (

- Indawo enqamlezileyo yeengcingo kufuneka ihambelane nemigangatho (ngesiqhelo ingabi ngaphantsi kwe-4mm² yocingo lobhedu).

- Ucingo oluphantsi komhlaba kufuneka lukhethe ngokukhethekileyo ucingo olumthubi-luhlaza olunemibala emibini, olunendawo enqamlezileyo engekho ngaphantsi kocingo lwesigaba.

 

1.4.3 Ukumisa umhlaba Iimfuno

 

- Iziphelo zokumisa umhlaba ze-SPD maziqhagamshelwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwibhasi yokumisa umhlaba yenkqubo.

- Ukumelana komhlaba kufuneka kuhambelane neemfuno zenkqubo (ngesiqhelo

- Kuphephe ukuba neengcingo zokumisa umhlaba ezinde kakhulu, kuba oku kuya kwandisa ukuthintela komhlaba.

 

1.4.4 Ufakelo Amanyathelo

 

1) Nciphisa umbane uze uqinisekise ukuba akukho mbane

2) Bhukisha indawo yokufakela kwibhokisi yokusasaza ngokobukhulu be-SPD

3) Lungisa isiseko se-SPD okanye ireyile yesikhokelo

4) Qhagamshela ucingo lwesigaba, ucingo olungathathi cala kunye nocingo oluphantsi komhlaba ngokwedayagram yocingo

5) Jonga ukuba zonke ii-connections zikhuselekile na

6) Vula ukuze kuvavanywe, jonga izibane zesalathisi sesimo

 

1.4.5 Ufakelo Ukulumkela

 

- Musa ukufaka i-SPD ngaphambi kwe-fuse okanye i-circuit breaker.

- Umgama owaneleyo (ubude bentambo > iimitha ezili-10) kufuneka ugcinwe phakathi kwee-SPD ezininzi okanye kongezwe isixhobo sokuqhawula.

- Emva kokufakelwa, isixhobo sokukhusela esigqithisileyo (esifana nefuse okanye i-circuit breaker) kufuneka sifakwe kwisiphelo esingaphambili se-SPD.

- Ukuhlolwa rhoqo (ubuncinane kanye ngonyaka) kunye nokugcinwa kufuneka kwenziwe. Ukuhlolwa okuqinisiweyo kufuneka kwenziwe ngaphambi nasemva kwexesha leemvula.

 

Isahluko 2: Ngaphakathi-uhlalutyo olunzulu lwee-inverters

 

2.1 Yintoni i-inverter?

 

I-inverter sisixhobo se-elektroniki esiguqula i-direct current (DC) ibe yi-alternating current (AC). Liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zamandla zanamhlanje. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamandla avuselelekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-inverters kuye kwanda kakhulu, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla e-photovoltaic, iinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla omoya, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela ngombane ongenakunqandeka (UPS).

 

 

Ii-inverters zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-square wave inverters, ii-modified sine wave inverters kunye nee-pure sine wave inverters ngokusekelwe kwiindlela zazo zokukhupha amaza; zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, ii-off-grid inverters kunye nee-hybrid inverters ngokweemeko zesicelo sazo; kwaye zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-micro inverters, ii-string inverters kunye nee-centralized inverters ngokusekelwe kumanqanaba azo amandla.

 

2.2 Ukusebenza Umgaqo we-Inverter

 

Umgaqo oyintloko wokusebenza kwe-inverter kukuguqula i-direct current ibe yi-alternating current ngokusebenzisa ii-rapid switching actions zezixhobo zokutshintsha i-semiconductor (ezifana ne-IGBT kunye ne-MOSFET). Inkqubo yokusebenza esisiseko yile ilandelayo:

 

2.2.1 Igalelo le-DC Iqonga

 

Umbane we-DC (ofana neepaneli ze-photovoltaic, iibhetri) unika amandla ombane we-DC kwi-inverter.

 

2.2.2 Ukunyusa Iqonga (Ukhetho)

 

I-input voltage inyuswa ukuya kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lokusebenza kwe-inverter ngesekethe yokunyusa ye-DC-DC.

 

2.2.3 Ukuguqulwa Iqonga

 

Iiswitshi zolawulo ziyavulwa zize zicinywe ngokulandelelana okuthile, ziguqula i-direct current ibe yi-pulsating direct current. Oku emva koko kuhluzwa yi-filter circuit ukuze kwenziwe i-waveform etshintshanayo.

 

2.2.4 Imveliso Iqonga

 

Emva kokudlula kwi-LC filter, imveliso iya kuba yi-alternating current efanelekileyo (efana ne-220V/50Hz okanye i-110V/60Hz).

 

Kwii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, ikwabandakanya imisebenzi ephambili efana nolawulo loqhagamshelo lwegridi oluhambelanayo, ukulandelela indawo yamandla ephezulu (MPPT), kunye nokukhuselwa kwesiphumo se-islanding. Ii-inverters zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-waveform.

 

2.3 Indlela yokwenza khetha inverter

 

Ukukhetha i-inverter efanelekileyo kufuna ukuqwalasela izinto ezininzi:

 

2.3.1 Khetha uhlobo isekelwe kwimeko yesicelo

 

- Kwiinkqubo eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, khetha ii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi

- Kwiinkqubo ezingasebenzi kwigridi, khetha ii-inverters ezingasebenzi kwigridi

- Kwiinkqubo ze-hybrid, khetha ii-inverters ze-hybrid

 

2.3.2 Amandla Ukutshatisa

 

- Amandla alinganisiweyo kufuneka abe phezulu kancinci kumandla omthwalo iyonke (umda ocetyiswayo we-1.2 - 1.5 amaxesha)

- Cinga ngomthamo wokugqithisa ngokukhawuleza (njengombane wokuqala wemoto)

 

2.3.3 Igalelo uphawu ukufanisa

 

- Uluhlu lwevolthi yokufaka kufuneka lugubungele uluhlu lwevolthi yokuphuma kombane.

- Kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic, inani leendlela ze-MPPT kunye nomsinga wokufaka kufuneka zihambelane neeparamitha zecandelo.

 

2.3.4 Isiphumo Iimpawu Iimfuno

 

- I-voltage kunye ne-frequency yemveliso zihambelana nemigangatho yendawo (efana ne-220V/50Hz)

- Umgangatho we-Waveform (kungcono ukuba yi-inverter ye-sine wave ecocekileyo)

- Ukusebenza kakuhle (ii-inverters ezikumgangatho ophezulu zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kune-95%)

 

2.3.5 Ukhuseleko Imisebenzi

 

- Ukhuseleko olusisiseko olufana nokugqithisa kwamandla ombane, ukungabi namandla ombane, ukugqithisa amandla ombane, ukujikeleza okufutshane, kunye nokugqithisa kakhulu

- Kwii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, kufuneka ukhuseleko lwempembelelo ye-islanding

- Ukhuseleko lokujova ngomjovo ochasene nokubuyela umva (kwiinkqubo ze-hybrid)

 

2.3.6 Okusingqongileyo Ukuziqhelanisa

 

- Uluhlu lobushushu bokusebenza

- Umgangatho woKhuseleko (i-IP65 okanye ngaphezulu iyafuneka xa kufakelwa ngaphandle)

- Ukuguquguquka kokuphakama

 

2.3.7 Isiqinisekiso Iimfuno

 

- Ii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi kufuneka zibe neziqinisekiso zoqhagamshelo lwegridi yasekuhlaleni (ezifana ne-CQC eTshayina, i-VDE-AR-N 4105 kwi-EU, njl.njl.)

- Iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko (ezifana ne-UL, i-IEC, njl.njl.)

 

2.4 Indlela yokwenza faka i-inverter

 

Ukufakelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-inverter kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo kunye nobomi bayo:

 

2.4.1 Ufakelo Indawo Ukhetho

 

- Ingenisa umoya kakuhle, ithintela ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo

- Ubushushu obuphakathi buqala kwi -25℃ ukuya kwi +60℃ (jonga iinkcukacha zemveliso)

- Yomile kwaye icocekile, iphephe uthuli kunye neegesi ezirhabaxa

- Indawo efanelekileyo yokusebenza nokugcinwa

- Kufuphi kangangoko kunokwenzeka nebhetri (ukunciphisa ukulahleka komgca)

 

2.4.2 Oomatshini Ufakelo

 

- Faka usebenzisa izixhobo zokufakela eludongeni okanye izibiyeli ukuqinisekisa uzinzo

- Gcina ifakwe ngokuthe nkqo ukuze ifudumale ngcono

- Gcina indawo eyaneleyo ejikeleze (ngesiqhelo ingaphezulu kwama-50cm ngaphezulu nangaphantsi, kwaye ingaphezulu kwama-30cm ngasekhohlo nasekunene)

 

2.4.3 Umbane Uqhagamshelo

 

- Uqhagamshelo lwecala le-DC:

- Qinisekisa i-polarity echanekileyo (ii-terminals ezilungileyo nezingalunganga akufuneki ziguqulwe)

- Sebenzisa iintambo ezineenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo (ngesiqhelo i-4-35mm²)

- Kucetyiswa ukuba ufake i-DC circuit breaker kwi-terminal eyi-positive

 

- Uqhagamshelo lwecala le-AC:

- Qhagamshela ngokwe-L/N/PE

- Iinkcukacha zekhebula kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zangoku

- Kufuneka kufakwe i-AC circuit breaker

 

- Uqhagamshelo lokuGxina:

- Qinisekisa ukuba umhlaba uzinzile (ukuxhathisa umhlaba

- Ububanzi bocingo oluphantsi komhlaba akufuneki bube ngaphantsi kobubanzi bocingo lwesigaba

 

2.4.4 Inkqubo Uqwalaselo

 

- Ii-inverters eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokukhusela igridi ezihambelanayo.

- Ii-inverter ezingasebenzi kwigridi kufuneka zenziwe ngeebhetri ezifanelekileyo.

- Misela iiparameter zenkqubo ezichanekileyo (i-voltage, i-frequency, njl.njl.)

 

2.4.5 Ufakelo Ukulumkela

 

- Qinisekisa ukuba yonke imithombo yombane iqhagamshelwe ngaphandle kokufakwa

- Kuphephe ukusebenzisa imigca yeDC kunye neye-AC ecaleni kwelinye

- Yahlula imigca yonxibelelwano kwiintambo zombane

- Yenza uhlolo olucokisekileyo emva kokufakela ngaphambi kokuba uvule ukuze kuvavanywe

 

2.4.6 Ukulungisa iimpazamo kunye Uvavanyo

 

- Linganisa ukumelana nobushushu ngaphambi kokuba uvule

- Vula umbane kancinci kancinci uze ujonge inkqubo yokuqalisa

- Vavanya ukuba imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokukhusela isebenza ngokufanelekileyo na

- Linganisa i-voltage yemveliso, i-frequency, kunye nezinye iiparameter

 

Isahluko 3: Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-SPD kunye ne-Inverter

 

3.1 Kutheni le nto i I-inverter ifuna isikhuseli sokushushumbisa?

 

Njengesixhobo sombane esisebenza ngamandla, i-inverter inovelwano kakhulu kutshintsho lwe-voltage kwaye ifuna ukhuselo olusebenzisanayo lwe-surge protector. Izizathu eziphambili zoku ziquka:

 

3.1.1 Phezulu Uvelwano ye-Inverter

 

I-inverter inezixhobo ezininzi ze-semiconductor ezichanekileyo kunye neesekethe zolawulo. Ezi zixhobo azinawo amandla okunyamezela i-overvoltage kwaye zisengozini enkulu yokonakala ngenxa yokunyuka kwamandla.

 

3.1.2 Inkqubo Ukuvuleleka

Imigca ye-DC kunye ne-AC kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic idla ngokuba mide kakhulu kwaye ingabonakali kancinci ngaphandle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lula ngakumbi kwimisinga yokushushuba ebangelwa ngumbane.

 

3.1.3 Isibini Iingozi

I-inverter ayichatshazelwanga nje kuphela ziingcipheko zokunyukela kwamandla ukusuka kwicala legridi yamandla, kodwa isenokuchatshazelwa kukuchaphazeleka kokunyukela kwamandla ukusuka kwicala le-photovoltaic array.

 

3.1.4 Ezoqoqosho Ilahleko

Ii-inverters zihlala ziyinxalenye yezixhobo ezibiza kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic. Umonakalo wazo unokukhokelela ekukhubazekeni kwenkqubo kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokulungisa.

 

3.1.5 Ukhuseleko Umngcipheko

Ukonakala kwe-inverter kunokukhokelela kwiingozi zesibini ezifana nokutshayiswa ngumbane kunye nomlilo.

 

Ngokwezibalo, kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic, malunga ne-35% yokusilela kwe-inverter kunxulumene noxinzelelo lombane olugqithisileyo, kwaye uninzi lwazo lunokuthintelwa ngamanyathelo okukhusela ukuntywila okufanelekileyo.

 

3.2 Isisombululo sokuHlanganisa inkqubo soMkhuseli woKhuthazo kunye ne-Inverter

 

Inkqubo epheleleyo yokukhusela ukugqobhoza kwenkqubo ye-photovoltaic kufuneka iquke amanqanaba amaninzi okukhusela:

 

3.2.1 DC Icala Ukhuseleko

 

- Faka i-DC SPD ezinikeleyo ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic ngaphakathi kwebhokisi ye-DC combiner ye-photovoltaic array.

- Faka i-DC SPD yenqanaba lesibini kwisiphelo se-DC input se-inverter.

- Khusela iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic kunye necandelo le-DC/DC le-inverter.

 

3.2.2 Unxibelelwano-ukhuseleko olusecaleni

 

- Faka i-AC SPD yenqanaba lokuqala kwisiphelo sesiphumo se-AC se-inverter

- Faka i-AC SPD yenqanaba lesibini kwindawo yoqhagamshelo lwegridi okanye ikhabhinethi yokusasaza

- Khusela inxenye ye-DC/AC ye-inverter kunye ne-interface ngegridi yamandla

 

3.2.3 Uphawu Iluphu Ukhuseleko

 

- Faka ii-SPD zesiginali kwimigca yonxibelelwano efana ne-RS485 kunye ne-Ethernet

- Khusela iisekethe zolawulo kunye neenkqubo zokubeka esweni

 

3.2.4 Ukulingana Ithuba Uqhagamshelo

 

- Qinisekisa ukuba zonke ii-terminals ze-SPD grounding ziqhagamshelwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-grounding yenkqubo

- Nciphisa umahluko onokubakho phakathi kweenkqubo zokumisa umhlaba

 

3.3 Ilungelelaniswe ingqalelo yokukhetha kunye nokufakela

 

Xa kusetyenziswa izikhuseli ze-surge kunye nee-inverters kunye, ukhetho kunye nofakelo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ezi zinto zilandelayo:

 

3.3.1 Ukulinganisa iVoltage

 

- Ixabiso le-Uc le-DC-side SPD kufuneka libe phezulu kune-voltage ephezulu ye-open-circuit ye-photovoltaic array (kuthathelwa ingqalelo i-coefficient yobushushu)

- Ixabiso le-Uc le-SPD esecaleni le-AC kufuneka libe phezulu kunevolthi ephezulu yokusebenza eqhubekayo yegridi yamandla

- Ixabiso le-Up le-SPD kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kunexabiso le-standing voltage ye-port nganye ye-inverter

 

3.3.2 Umthamo wangoku

 

- Khetha i-In kunye ne-Imax ye-SPD ngokusekelwe kumbane olindelekileyo wokunyuka kwamandla kwindawo yokufakela.

- Kwicala le-DC lenkqubo ye-photovoltaic, kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa i-SPD enobuncinci i-20kA (8/20μs).

- Kwicala le-AC, khetha i-SPD ene-20-50kA kuxhomekeke kwindawo.

 

3.3.3 Ulungelelaniso kunye neNtsebenziswano

 

- Kufuneka kubekho ukuhambelana kwamandla okufanelekileyo (umgama okanye ukwahlukana) phakathi kwee-SPD ezininzi.

- Qinisekisa ukuba ii-SPD ezikufutshane ne-inverter azithwali onke amandla okushukuma kuphela.

- Amaxabiso e-Up kwinqanaba ngalinye le-SPD kufuneka enze i-gradient (ngesiqhelo, inqanaba eliphezulu liphezulu ngama-20% nangaphezulu kunenqanaba elisezantsi).

 

3.3.4 Ekhethekileyo Iimfuno

 

- I-photovoltaic DC SPD kufuneka ibe nokhuselo loqhagamshelo olubuyela umva.

- Cinga ngokhuseleko lokuhamba komoya kwicala elijikelezileyo (ukuhamba komoya kunokungeniswa kwicala legridi nakwicala le-photovoltaic).

- Khetha ii-SPD ezinezakhono zobushushu obuphezulu ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu.

 

3.3.5 Ufakelo Iingcebiso

 

- I-SPD kufuneka ibekwe kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka nezibuko elikhuselweyo (ii-inverter DC/AC terminals)

- Iintambo zonxibelelwano mazibe mfutshane kwaye zithe tye kangangoko ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuhanjiswa kwelead

- Qinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokumisa umhlaba ine-impedance ephantsi

- Kuphephe ukwenza iluphu kwimigca ephakathi kwe-SPD kunye ne-inverter

 

3.4 Ulondolozo kunye nokusombulula iingxaki

 

Iindawo zokulungisa inkqubo edibeneyo yabakhuseli be-surge kunye nee-inverters:

 

3.4.1 Eqhelekileyo uhlolo

 

- Hlola isalathisi sesimo se-SPD ngamehlo nyanga nganye.

- Jonga ukuqina koqhagamshelo rhoqo ngekota.

- Linganisa ukumelana nokugalela komhlaba minyaka le.

- Hlola ngoko nangoko emva kokuba umbane ubethile.

 

3.4.2 Eqhelekileyo ukulungisa ingxaki

 

- Ukusebenza rhoqo kwe-SPD: Jonga ukuba i-voltage yenkqubo izinzile na kwaye ukuba imodeli ye-SPD ifanelekile na.

- Ukusilela kwe-SPD: Jonga ukuba isixhobo sokukhusela esingaphambili siyahambelana na kwaye ukuba ukunyuka kudlula umthamo we-SPD.

- I-Inverter yonakele: Jonga ukuba indawo yokufakela i-SPD ifanelekile na kwaye uqhagamshelo luchanekile na.

- I-alamu yobuxoki: Jonga ukuba iyahambelana na i-SPD kunye ne-inverter kwaye ukuba isiseko silungile na.

 

3.4.3 Ukutshintshwa Imigangatho

 

- Isalathisi sesimo sibonisa ukungaphumeleli

- Inkangeleko ibonisa umonakalo ocacileyo (njengokutsha, ukuqhekeka, njl.njl.)

- Ukubona iziganeko zokunyuka okukhulu okugqitha ixabiso elilinganisiweyo

- Ukufikelela kubomi benkonzo obucetyiswayo ngumvelisi (ngesiqhelo iminyaka esi-8-10)

 

3.4.4 Inkqubo Ukwenziwa ngcono

 

- Lungisa uqwalaselo lwe-SPD ngokusekelwe kumava okusebenza

- Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ezintsha (ezifana nokubeka esweni i-SPD ngobulumko)

- Yandisa ukhuseleko ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha lokwandiswa kwenkqubo

 

Isahluko 4: Ikamva Iindlela zoPhuhliso

 

Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yezinto, ii-SPD ezikrelekrele ziya kuba ngumkhwa:

 

4.1 Ukunyuka okukrelekrele ukhuseleko ubuchwepheshe

Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yezinto, ii-SPD ezikrelekrele ziya kuba ngumkhwa:

- Ukubeka esweni imeko ye-SPD ngexesha langempela kunye nobomi obuseleyo

- Ukurekhoda inani kunye namandla eziganeko zokunyuka okukhulu

- I-alamu ekude kunye nokuxilongwa

- Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokubeka esweni i-inverter

 

4.2 Phezulu ukusebenza izixhobo zokukhusela

 

Iindidi ezintsha zezixhobo zokukhusela ziyaphuhliswa:

- Izixhobo zokukhusela ezisemgangathweni onamandla ezinamaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza

- Izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezinomthamo omkhulu wokufunxa amandla

- Izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezizilungisayo

- Iimodyuli ezidibanisa ukhuseleko oluninzi olufana nokukhusela i-overvoltage, i-overcurrent, kunye nokukhusela i-overheating

 

4.3 Inkqubo-inqanaba isisombululo sokukhusela ngokubambisana

 

Isikhokelo sophuhliso lwexesha elizayo kukuguquka ukusuka kukhuselo lwesixhobo esinye ukuya kukhuselo olusebenzisanayo olukwinqanaba lenkqubo:

- Intsebenziswano edibeneyo phakathi kwe-SPD kunye nokhuseleko olwakhelwe ngaphakathi lwe-inverter

- Izicwangciso zokhuseleko ezenzelwe wena ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zenkqubo

- Amaqhinga okukhusela anamandla aqwalasela impembelelo yokusebenzisana kwegridi

- Ukhuseleko oluqikelelweyo oludityaniswe nee-algorithms ze-AI

 

Isiphelo

 

Ukusebenza okudibeneyo kwezikhuseli zokushushuluza kunye nee-inverters sisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kweenkqubo zamandla zanamhlanje. Ngokukhetha ngokwesayensi, ukufakelwa okusemgangathweni, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo ngokubanzi, umngcipheko wokushushuluza ungancitshiswa kakhulu, ixesha lokuphila kwezixhobo linokwandiswa, kwaye ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kunokuphuculwa. Ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji, intsebenziswano phakathi kwezi zimbini iya kuba nobuchule ngakumbi kwaye isebenze kakuhle, inike inkxaso yokhuseleko oluqinileyo kuphuhliso lwamandla acocekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki zamandla.

 

Kubayili beenkqubo kunye nabasebenzi bokufakela/ukulungisa, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo imigaqo yokusebenza yabakhuseli be-surge kunye nee-inverters, kunye namanqaku aphambili okulungelelaniswa kwazo, kuya kunceda ekuyileni izisombululo eziphuculweyo ngakumbi kunye nokudala ixabiso elikhulu kubasebenzisi. Kule mihla yotshintsho lwamandla kunye nokufakelwa kombane ngokukhawuleza, le ndlela yokucinga ngokubambisana yokukhusela izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ibaluleke kakhulu.