Ⅰ. Yintoni i i ukunyuka okukhulu isixhobo sokukhusela (ii-SPD)?

 

Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza (i-SPD) sisixhobo se-elektroniki esisetyenziselwa ukukhusela izixhobo zombane kwii-overvoltages zexesha elifutshane, ezifana nezo zibangelwa kukubetha kombane, ukutshintshatshintsha kwegridi yamandla, okanye ukuqaqamba kwe-voltage okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwezixhobo. Siqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwezixhobo zombane, sandisa ubomi bezixhobo, kwaye sinciphisa umngcipheko womonakalo obangelwa kukutshintshatshintsha kwe-voltage ngokunciphisa ii-overvoltages zexesha elifutshane kunye nokujika i-surge currents emhlabeni.

 

Izikhuseli zomsinga zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zamandla, kwiinethiwekhi zonxibelelwano, kwi-automation yemizi-mveliso, kwizixhobo zasekhaya nakwamanye amasimi, kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lombane.

 

1.1 Umgaqo wokusebenza woMkhuseli woKhuseli

 

Umsebenzi ophambili wesithinteli sokunyuka kwamandla kukubona nokuthintela umbane ogqithisileyo. Umgaqo wayo wokusebenza uxhomekeke kakhulu kwezi ndlela zilandelayo.

 

1.1.1 Ukubopha i-voltage

Xa i-voltage kwisekethe idlula umda obekiweyo, izinto ezingezizo ezikwi-surge protector (ezifana nee-varistors, ii-gas discharge tubes okanye ii-transient diodes) zihamba ngokukhawuleza, zinciphisa i-overvoltage ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo.

 

1.1.2 Amandla Ukukhutshwa

Isikhuselo sokunyuka kwamandla sidlulisela amandla aveliswa yi-overvoltage ngenkqubo yokumisa umhlaba emhlabeni, siwathintela ukuba angangeni kwizixhobo ezikhuselekileyo.

 

1.1.3 Okuzenzakalelayo ukuchacha

Ezinye izikhuseli zokugquma zinokubuyela ngokuzenzekelayo ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo emva kwesiganeko sokugquma, ngelixa ezinye zifuna ukutshintshwa ngesandla okanye ukuseta kwakhona.

 

1.2 Njani ukuya khetha isikhuseli sokunyuka

Xa ukhetha isikhuseli sokushushuluza esifanelekileyo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ezi zinto zilandelayo.

 

1.2.1 I-Voltage inqanaba 

I-voltage elinganisiweyo ye-surge protector kufuneka ifane ne-voltage yenkqubo ekhuselweyo, njengenkqubo ye-220V AC okanye inkqubo ye-48V DC.

 

1.2.2 Okwangoku umthamo (Ngaphakathi/Ngaphakathi)

 

Oku kubonisa umsinga ophezulu wokuvuza onokumelana nawo umkhuseli wokuvuza, odla ngokulinganiswa kwi-kA (iwaka lee-ampere), kwaye ii-SPD ezinomthamo ophezulu wamandla ombane kufuneka zikhethwe kwiindawo ezinemibane exhaphakileyo.

 

1.2.3 Impendulo ixesha

  

Okukhona ixesha lokuphendula lifutshane, kokukhona isiphumo sokukhusela siba ngcono. Ii-SPD ezinexesha lokuphendula kwinqanaba le-nanosecond zifanelekile kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezichanekileyo.

 

1.2.4 Ukhuseleko imo

 

Khetha imo yokhuseleko yesigaba esinye, yesigaba sesithathu okanye edibeneyo (efana ne-LN, i-L-PE, i-N-PE, njl.njl.) ngokweemfuno zenkqubo.

 

1.2.5 Ufakelo indawo

  

Ngokwemigangatho ye-IEC 61643, izikhuseli ze-surge zingahlulwa ngolu hlobo 1 (umnyango wesakhiwo), Uhlobo 2 (ibhokisi yokusasaza), kunye noHlelo 3 (isiphelo sezixhobo).

 

1.2.6 Isiqinisekiso imigangatho

 

Khetha iimveliso ezihambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe (njenge-UL 1449, i-IEC 61643) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka.

 

1.3 Njani ukuya faka isikhuseli sokushushuluza

 

Ukufakela ngokuchanekileyo sisitshixo sokuqinisekisa ukuba umkhuseli we-surge usebenza ngokufanelekileyo:

 

1.3.1 Ufakelo indawo:

 

- Uhlobo lwe-1 SPD kufuneka lufakwe kwiphaneli ephambili yokusasaza okanye kumgca ongenayo wesakhiwo ukukhusela ekubethweni ngqo kombane okanye imibane ebangelwayo.

- Uhlobo lwesibini lwe-SPD lufakwe kwiphaneli yokusasazwa kwesibini ukuze lubonelele ngokhuseleko lwesibini.

- Uhlobo lwe-3 SPD lufakelwe kufutshane nezixhobo ezibuthathaka ezifana neeseva kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

 

1.3.2 Indlela yokufakelwa kweentambo:

 

Sebenzisa iingcingo ezimfutshane nezityebileyo ukuze uqhagamshele ukunciphisa ukuxinana.

Qinisekisa ukuba ukumelana komhlaba kuyahambelana nomgangatho (ngesiqhelo ≤ 10Ω).

 

1.3.3 Uqhagamshelo oluhambelanayo nolulandelayo:

 

- Uninzi lwee-SPD zifakelwe ngaxeshanye, nto leyo engaphazamisi ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwesekethe.

- Ezinye ii-SPD ezikhethekileyo (ezifana nohlobo lokucoca) zinokufakwa ngochungechunge.

 

1.3.4 Ulondolozo kunye nokutshintshwa:

 

- Jonga rhoqo imeko ye-SPD. Ezinye ii-SPD zinesalathisi sobomi (umzekelo, ifestile ebomvu ibonisa ukusilela).

- Nokuba inkangeleko yayo ilungile emva kokuhlaselwa ngamandla amaninzi, kufuneka itshintshwe.

 

Ⅱ. DC/I-AC umkhuseli wokuxhathisa

 

2.1 DC Ukunyuka Umkhuseli

 

2.1.1 Ingcamango yoMkhuseli we-DC Surge

 

I-DC Surge Protector (DC SPD) yenzelwe ngokukodwa iinkqubo zamandla ze-DC kwaye isetyenziselwa ukukhusela izixhobo ezisebenza nge-DC ezifana neenkqubo ze-photovoltaic zelanga, izitishi zokutshaja izithuthi zombane, izitishi zonxibelelwano, kunye namaziko edatha kumonakalo wokutsalwa kwamandla. Ekubeni umbane we-DC ungenazo iinguqulelo ezenzeka rhoqo, uyilo lokukhusela ukutsalwa kwamandla e-DC kufuneka luqwalasele izinto eziqhubekayo ze-voltage kunye ne-polarity.

 

2.1.2 Ukusebenza Umgaqo woMkhuseli we-DC Surge

 

• Uyilo oluhambelana nePolarity: I-voltage polarity yenkqubo yeDC izinzile. I-SPD kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isebenza kakuhle kuphela xa iipali ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ziqhagamshelwe ngokuchanekileyo.

• Ubuchule bokumelana nombane ngokuqhubekayo: Ngokungafaniyo ne-AC SPD, i-DC SPD kufuneka imelane nombane ozinzileyo ixesha elide ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kakuhle.

• Itekhnoloji ekhethekileyo yokucima i-arc: Umbane we-DC awunayo indawo yendalo yokunqumla i-zero, kwaye i-arc kunzima ukuyicima. Ke ngoko, i-DC SPD kufuneka isebenzise isixhobo esikhethekileyo sokucima i-arc (esifana nokucima i-arc ngemagnethi).

 

2.1.3 Umsebenzi woMkhuseli we-DC Surge

 

- Khusela iiphaneli ze-photovoltaic zelanga, ii-inverters kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ekubetheni imibane kunye nokutshintsha kwamandla.

- Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwezikhululo zokutshaja iimoto zombane, ukuthintela ukubetheka kwamandla aphezulu ekonakaliseni inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri.

- Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lombane we-DC kwizikhululo zonxibelelwano kunye namaziko edatha, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungasebenzi kwezixhobo.

 

2.2 AC Ukunyuka Umkhuseli

 

2.2.1 Ingcamango yoMkhuseli we-AC Surge

 

I-AC Surge Protector (AC SPD) isetyenziselwa ukukhusela inkqubo yamandla e-AC (ezifana nezindlu, iifektri, izakhiwo zorhwebo, njl.njl.) kumonakalo obangelwa kukuqhekeka kombane. Ngenxa yotshintsho oluqhubekayo kwi-voltage yombane we-AC, uyilo lwe-SPD kufuneka lulungelelanise ne-frequency (50Hz/60Hz) kunye notshintsho lwesigaba.

 

2.2.2 Ukusebenza Umgaqo woMkhuseli we-AC Surge

 

• Uhlengahlengiso lweSigaba: I-AC SPD kufuneka ikwazi ukuvala i-voltage ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izigaba.

• Impendulo Ekhawulezileyo: I-AC frequency iphezulu, ngoko ke ixesha lokuphendula le-SPD kufuneka libe lifutshane kakhulu (inqanaba le-nanosecond).

• Ukuseta ngokutsha ngokuzenzekelayo: Ezinye ii-AC SPDs zinokubuyela kwimeko yazo emva kwesiganeko sokwanda kwaye azidingi kungenelela ngesandla.

 

2.3 Indlela yokwenza ngokuchanekileyo Khetha i-DC okanye i-AC Surge Protector

 

• Cacisa uhlobo lwenkqubo: Okokuqala fumanisa ukuba yinkqubo ye-DC okanye ye-AC.

• Vavanya umngcipheko wokugqabhuka kwentaba: Kwiindawo apho imibane idla ngokuqhambuka khona, khetha inqanaba eliphezulu lokhuseleko (njengomxube wohlobo 1 nohlobo 2).

• Iimfuno zezixhobo ezihambelanayo: Kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezichanekileyo, khetha ii-SPD eziphendula ngokukhawuleza.

• Nxibelelana neengcali: Kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo (ezifana nombane oxutyiweyo), kuyacetyiswa ukuba injineli iyile isicwangciso sokukhusela.

Ⅲ. Isiphelo

Izikhuseli zokugquma zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lweenkqubo zamandla. Nokuba zikwizicelo zeDC okanye zeAC, ukukhetha i-SPD efanelekileyo nokuyifakela ngokuchanekileyo kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokonakala kwezixhobo. Ngophuhliso lwamandla amatsha, izithuthi zombane, kunye neegridi ezikrelekrele, imfuno yezikhuseli zokugquma zamandla ngqo iyanda, ngelixa izikhuseli zokugquma ze-AC zihlala zisisiseko sombane wemizi-mveliso nowasekhaya. Ngokukhetha ngokwesayensi kunye nokufakelwa okusemgangathweni, izikhuseli zokugquma ziya kuba "ngabakhuseli bokhuseleko" abathembekileyo kwiinkqubo zombane.