Ukukhetha Izixhobo zoKhuseleko lokuKhuphuka Ukukhethwa kweeNkqubo zePV - Ukufakwa kweeSPD
1. Izinto ezichaphazela ukufakwa kwe-SPD
Ii-overvoltages kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic (PV) eziphahleni zibangelwa kakhulu kukubetha kombane ngokuthe ngqo (kwisakhiwo okanye kufutshane nezixhobo ze-PV ezine-LPS), i-voltage ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwentsimi yombane enxulumene nombane, okanye imisebenzi yokutshintsha kwinethiwekhi yokusasazwa kwamandla e-AC/DC. Ukuvavanya imfuneko yokukhusela ukugqabhuka nokumisela icebo elifanelekileyo lokukhusela, i-voltage elinganisiweyo yokumelana ne-impulse (Uw) yesixhobo kufuneka isetyenziswe njengesalathiso. Ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela luvavanyo lomngcipheko, ii-SPD kufuneka zifakwe kumacala omabini e-DC kunye ne-AC yenkqubo ye-PV.
Izixhobo ezikwinkqubo ye-PV ezinokufuna ukhuseleko ziquka:
Ii-inverters, kuquka ii-interfaces kwinkqubo ye-AC ene-voltage ephantsi kunye nenkqubo ye-DC, ii-PV arrays, i-internal PV system wiring, izinto ezifakwe phakathi kwe-inverter kunye nee-PV arrays, ezifana neebhokisi ze-combiner; izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukujonga nokulawula inkqubo ye-PV.
Ngokwe-IEC 61643-12 kunye namacandelo afanelekileyo e-GB/T 21714, ukukhethwa kunye nokufakelwa kwee-SPDs kwiinkqubo ze-PV kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ezi ziquka uxinano lwe-ground flash (NG) [1/km²·year] okanye inani eliqhelekileyo leentsuku zemvula ngonyaka (T), iimpawu zenkqubo yokubonelela ngombane ene-voltage ephantsi (umz., iintambo eziphezulu okanye iintambo ezingaphantsi komhlaba) kunye nohlobo lwezixhobo ezikhuselweyo, nokuba iNkqubo yoKhuseleko loMbane yangaphandle (LPS) ifakwe ukukhusela inkqubo ye-PV ekubetheni umbane ngokuthe ngqo.
Ukuba kukho i-LPS yangaphandle, iimfuno ze-SPD zichatshazelwa linqanaba lokhuseleko (Udidi) lwe-LPS kunye nokuba umgama wokwahlulwa ofunekayo (S) phakathi kwe-LPS kunye nenkqubo ye-PV uyagcinwa (i-LPS ehlukanisiweyo vs. i-LPS engahlukaniyo).
2. Impembelelo yoBume obahlukeneyo be-LPS yangaphandle kuKhuseleko loMbane kwiiNkqubo ze-PV
Ukufakelwa kwe-SPD kwiinkqubo ze-PV zophahla ngokubanzi kuwela kwiindidi ezintathu, ngokusekelwe kubukho kunye nohlobo lwe-LPS yangaphandle:
(1) Iinkqubo ze-PV ezingenayo i-LPS yangaphandle
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo (akubandakanyiwe apha), ukuba isakhiwo asinayo inkqubo yokukhusela umbane yangaphandle, ii-SPD kufuneka zifakwe ngokusekelwe kwisiphumo sovavanyo lomngcipheko wombane. Kucetyiswa ukuba kufakwe izixhobo zokukhusela ukugqabhuka kombane kumacala omabini e-AC kunye ne-DC ukukhusela izinto ezibalulekileyo ze-PV.
Kwicala le-DC, kufuneka kufakwe i-Type 2 DC SPD (echazwe njenge-DC1) kufutshane nebhokisi ye-PV combiner okanye i-PV array (ukuba akukho bhokisi ye-combiner isetyenziswayo). Le SPD ikhusela isakhiwo kwi-external surges ezidluliselwa ngee-PV cables kwaye idla ngokufakelwa emva kokuba ii-PV cables zingene kwisakhiwo. Enye i-Type 2 DC SPD (echazwe njenge-DC2) kufuneka ifakwe kufutshane ne-DC input ye-inverter. Ukuba ubude bentambo phakathi kwe-DC1 kunye ne-inverter bungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10, i-DC1 ingashiywa.
Kwicala le-AC, kucetyiswa i-Type 2 AC SPD (ebizwa ngokuba yi-AC1) kwi-AC mains input, edla ngokuba kwi-main distribution panel. Esi sixhobo sikhusela kwi-surges ezivela kwi-utility grid. Nokuba i-AC1 iyafuneka na kwinkqubo engenalo ukhuselo lwangaphandle lombane kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zovavanyo lomngcipheko wombane. Ukukhusela i-inverter ebizayo, i-Type 2 AC SPD (ebizwa ngokuba yi-AC2) idla ngokufakelwa kufutshane ne-AC output ye-inverter. Ukuba ubude bentambo phakathi kwe-AC1 kunye ne-AC2 bungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10, i-AC2 ingashiywa. Nceda ujonge kwitheyibhile yoqwalaselo ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esineenkcukacha.
(2) Iinkqubo ze-PV ezine-LPS zangaphandle ezihlangabezana nomgama ofunekayo wokwahlulwa (ii-LPS ezizimeleyo)
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo, xa isakhiwo sinenkqubo yokukhusela umbane yangaphandle (njengeentonga zokuphelisa umoya okanye iiteyipu) kwaye uluhlu lwePV oluphahleni lukhuselwe yile nkqubo kunye nomgama ofanelekileyo wokwahlulwa, inkqubo yePV ithathwa njengexhotyiswe ngeLPS ehlukanisiweyo. Kwanakule meko, ukufaka ii-SPD kusafuneka.
Kwiinkqubo ezine-LPS ezizimeleyo, ukuseta kwe-SPD kufana neenkqubo ezingenalo naluphi na ukhuselo lwangaphandle lombane. I-Type 2 DC SPD kufuneka ifakwe kufutshane nebhokisi ye-combiner, okanye kufutshane ne-PV array ukuba akukho bhokisi ye-combiner esetyenzisiweyo. Enye i-Type 2 DC SPD kufuneka ibekwe kufutshane necala le-DC le-inverter, kunye ne-Type 2 AC SPD kufutshane necala le-AC le-inverter. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ye-PV iqhagamshela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo, i-Type 1 AC SPD nayo iyafuneka kwibhodi ephambili yokusasazwa kwe-AC apho umbane wombane ungena khona kwisakhiwo. Jonga itafile yoqwalaselo ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esineenkcukacha soyilo.
(3) Iinkqubo ze-PV ezine-LPS zangaphandle ezingahlangabezani nomgama ofunekayo wokwahlulwa (ii-LPS ezingahlukaniswanga)
Kwiinkqubo ze-PV zophahla apho iiphaneli zisondele kakhulu kwinkqubo yokukhusela umbane yangaphandle (i-LPS) kwaye zingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomgama ofunekayo wokhuseleko, zonke iindawo zesinyithi zenkqubo ye-PV kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwi-LPS ukuqinisekisa ukubopha okufanelekileyo kwe-lightning equipotential. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yokukhusela umbane wophahla. Kule seti, zombini iintambo ze-AC kunye ne-DC ziphathwa njengee-conductors ezifanayo kwinkqubo yokubopha, oko kuthetha ukuba zinokuchaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo ngumbane okhanyayo. Yiyo loo nto i-IEC icebisa ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokukhusela umbane ze-Type 1 (ii-SPD)—ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nee-Type 2 SPDs—kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo: apho iintambo ze-PV zingena khona kwisakhiwo, nakwiicala ze-AC kunye ne-DC zezixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-inverter.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo, i-DC1 kufuneka ifakwe kufutshane kangangoko kwibhokisi ye-combiner, okanye kufutshane ne-PV array ukuba akukho bhokisi ye-combiner. I-DC2 kunye ne-AC2 kufuneka zibekwe kufutshane ne-inverter ukuze ziyikhusele ngcono. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-AC1 (kwiphaneli ephambili) kunye ne-AC2 (kufutshane ne-inverter) zombini ziyafuneka. Kodwa ukuba i-inverter ifakwe ngaphakathi kwiphaneli ephambili kwaye zabelana ngomhlaba ofanayo, ubude bekhebula bungaphantsi okanye bulingana neemitha eziyi-0.5, ngoko i-AC2 isenokungabi yimfuneko. Ungajonga itafile ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esineenkcukacha sokufakela.
1：I-DC1 ingashiywa phantsi kwezi meko zilandelayo: Ukuba ubude bentambo phakathi kwe-DC1 kunye ne-inverter bungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10, kwaye inqanaba lokukhusela i-voltage (Up) ye-AC2 lingaphantsi okanye lilingana ne-0.8 amaxesha, i-PV array's rated impulse imelane ne-voltage (Uw); okanye ukuba i-Up ye-AC2 ingaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-0.5 amaxesha e-Uw kwaye umqhubi we-PE (protective earth) ujikeleziswa kufutshane neentambo ze-DC.
2：I-AC2 ingashiywa phantsi kwezi meko zilandelayo: Ukuba ubude bentambo phakathi kwe-AC1 kunye ne-AC2 bungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10; okanye ukuba i-inverter kunye nebhodi yokusasaza ephambili babelana nge-electrode efanayo yokumisa, kwaye iintambo zoqhagamshelo ze-SPD azidluli kwiimitha ezili-0.5 nganye—umzekelo, ukuba i-inverter ifakwe ngaphakathi kwiphaneli ephambili.
3：Ubuncinane bendawo enqamlezileyo yee-SPD grounding conductors: Kwii-SPDs zohlobo lwe-2, i-copper grounding conductor mayingabi ngaphantsi kwe-6 mm²; kwii-SPDs zohlobo lwe-1, mayingabi ngaphantsi kwe-16 mm².
Ukukhethwa kwee-DC-side SPDs kwiinkqubo ze-PV eziphahleni kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela isakhiwo esikhuselwe ngayo kumbane kunye nendlela inkqubo exhunyelwe ngayo. Ngokwetafile yoqwalaselo kunye nemigangatho ye-IEC, kufuneka kuhlale kukho isikhuseli se-surge kwicala le-DC le-inverter. Kodwa ii-SPD ezongezelelweyo kufutshane nebhokisi ye-combiner—okanye kufutshane neepaneli ze-PV ukuba akukho bhokisi ye-combiner—zifuneka kuphela ukuba intambo ephakathi kweepaneli kunye ne-inverter inde ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-10.
Oko kuthethiweyo, oku akwenziwa kuyo yonke indawo. Kwamanye amazwe—umzekelo eJamani—imithetho ichasene kakhulu. Apho, ukhuseleko lwe-DC surge luhlala lufakelwa ecaleni kweepaneli ze-PV, kwaye kufuneka wongeze enye kufutshane ne-inverter ukuba intambo isebenza ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-10.