Umthamo we-photovoltaic ofakelweyo kwihlabathi liphela udlule kwi-350GW kunyaka ophelileyo, apho iTshayina inegalelo elingaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu. Le teknoloji eluhlaza eguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane ibone iindleko zayo zihla ngama-80% kwiminyaka elishumi, kodwa ijongene nosongelo olubulalayo lokubetha kombane - isikhululo samandla eArizona, eMelika, esakha salahlekelwa yi-$2 yezigidi ngenxa yokubetha kombane. Izikhuseli zombane ziye zaba "yinto esindisa ubomi" yezikhululo zamandla, zikhokelela amashumi amawaka ee-volts zombane emhlabeni ngenethiwekhi yokukhusela enamanqanaba amathathu. Iingcali zoshishino zibonise ukuba njengoko i-voltage yeenkqubo ze-photovoltaic inyuka iye kwi-1500V, izixhobo zokukhusela zizisa utshintsho lobuchwepheshe kwizinto ze-silicon carbide.

1.Inkqubo ye-Photovoltaic: amandla angundoqo amandla acocekileyo

1.1 Yintoni iNkqubo yePhotovoltaic?

Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic sisixhobo esiguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla elanga abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokuyintloko iqulathe ezi zinto zilandelayo ziphambili:

- Iimodyuli ze-Photovoltaic (iiphaneli zelanga): Ukusebenzisa isiphumo se-photoelectric sezinto ze-semiconductor (ezifana ne-monocrystalline silicon, i-polycrystalline silicon, okanye iifilimu ezincinci) ukuvelisa umbane othe ngqo.

- Ii-Inverters: Guqula i-direct current ibe yi-alternating current yokusetyenziswa ekhaya okanye kwimizi-mveliso.

- Iinkqubo zokufakela: Zikhusele iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic kwaye ziphucule i-engile yokwamkelwa kwelanga.

- Iibhetri zokugcina (ukhetho): Gcina umbane ogqithisileyo ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.

- Iinkqubo zokusasaza nokubeka iliso: Ukuqinisekisa umbane ophumayo ozinzileyo kunye nokubeka iliso ngexesha langempela lemeko yokusebenza.

Iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi (eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi yombane kawonkewonke) kunye neentlobo ezingaphandle kwegridi (umbane ozimeleyo), kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphahla lwezindlu, kwizakhiwo zorhwebo nakwimizi-mveliso, kwizitishi zamandla ezinkulu ezixhonywe emhlabeni, kunye nombane kwiindawo ezikude.

1.2 Imeko yoPhuhliso lweHlabathi lweeNkqubo zePhotovoltaic

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imakethi yehlabathi ye-photovoltaic ibone ukukhula okumangalisayo:

- Ubungakanani bokufakelwa: Umthamo omtsha wokufakelwa kwihlabathi liphela udlule kwi-350 GW ngo-2023, apho iTshayina, iYurophu, kunye ne-United States zibe ziimarike ezintathu eziphambili.

- Ukuncitshiswa kweendleko: Ixabiso leemodyuli ze-photovoltaic lehle ngaphezulu kwe-80% xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, ixabiso lombane elilinganisiweyo (i-LCOE) lehle ngaphantsi kwe-0.03 yeedola zaseMelika nge-kWh nganye.

- Ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe: Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kobuninzi beeseli ze-TOPCon kunye ne-HJT zohlobo lwe-N kudlule i-25%, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwelebhu yobuchwepheshe be-perovskite kudlule i-33%.

2. Indima kunye nokubaluleka kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic: ukukhuthaza uguquko lwamandla

2.1 Iingenelo Zokusingqongileyo: Ukunciphisa Ukukhutshwa Kwekhabhoni Nokujongana Notshintsho Lwemozulu

Ukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic akungcolisi konke konke kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Isikhululo samandla se-photovoltaic ngasinye se-1MW sinokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngeetoni ezili-1,000 ngonyaka, okufana nokutyala imithi engama-50,000. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), ukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kwihlabathi jikelele kuye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon ngaphezulu kweetoni ezili-1 bhiliyoni.

2.2 Iingenelo zoqoqosho: Ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla kunye nokudala imisebenzi

- Kwimizi kunye namashishini: Ngokusebenzisa imodeli ethi "Ukuzisebenzisa + Amandla Angaphezulu kwiGrid", abasebenzisi banokonga i-30% ukuya kwi-90% kwiibhili zombane.

- Icebo leSizwe: Isicwangciso se-14 seMinyaka emihlanu saseTshayina sicebisa ukuba umlinganiselo wamandla avuselelekayo ekuvelisweni kwamandla ufikelele kwi-33% ngo-2025, kwaye ishishini le-photovoltaic liza kudala imisebenzi engaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3.

2.3 Ukhuseleko lwaMandla: Ukuphuncula ekuxhomekekeni kwiFossil Fuel

Emva kwengxabano phakathi kweRashiya neUkraine, iYurophu ikhawulezise isicwangciso sayo "sokugcina i-photovoltaic + amandla". Ngo-2023, amandla asandul' ukufakwa adlule kwi-60 GW, ejolise ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwigesi yendalo.

2.4 Ixabiso leNtlalo: Ukusombulula Ingxaki yoMbane kwiindawo ezingenaMbane

Kwiindawo ezikude zaseAfrika, eMzantsi Asia nakwezinye iindawo, iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic ezingaphandle kwegridi zibonelele ngombane kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200, nto leyo ephucula iinkonzo zikarhulumente ezifana nonyango kunye nemfundo.

3. Iingozi ezingabonakaliyo kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic: iingozi zokunyukela kwamandla azinakungahoywa

Nangona iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zineengenelo ezibalulekileyo, iimpawu zazo zokufakelwa ngaphandle zibeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wokunyuka kwamandla (ukunyuka kwamandla ombane).

3.1 Imithombo kunye neengozi zokwanda kwezifo

• Umbane ubetha: Umbane ubetha ngqo okanye umbane obangelwayo unokuvelisa i-voltage ephezulu ngoko nangoko yamashumi amawaka ee-volts, nto leyo enokonakalisa ii-inverters, izinto, okanye ibangele imililo.

• Ukutshintshatshintsha kwegridi: Ukusebenza kokutshintsha, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lomthwalo, njl.njl., kunokubangela umbane ogqithisileyo, kubonakalisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinobuthathaka.

• Ii-arc zecala ze-DC: I-voltage ephezulu ye-DC kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic (600V - 1500V) yenza kube lula ukuba ii-arc ezingapheliyo zenzeke ngenxa yokwaluphala okanye ukudibana okungekho kakuhle kwimigca, nto leyo ebangela ingozi enkulu.

Ityala: Ngowama-2022, isikhululo samandla se-photovoltaic eArizona, e-USA, sonakaliswe zii-inverters zaso ngenxa yokubetha kombane, nto leyo eyabangela ilahleko ethe ngqo edlula izigidi ezi-2 zeerandi zaseMelika.

3.2 Umsebenzi oPhambili weZixhobo zoKhuselo lokuGqibela (i-SPD)

Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza (i-SPD) "singumgcini wokhuseleko" wenkqubo ye-photovoltaic. Siqinisekisa uzinzo lwenkqubo ngokusebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo

3.2.1 Ukukhutshwa kweVolthi ephezulu

Ihambisa umbane okanye umsinga wombane emhlabeni ukuze unciphise i-voltage ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo.

3.2.2 Ukhuseleko olunamanqanaba amaninzi

• Inqanaba 1 (ekupheleni kwe-photovoltaic array): Iphendula kwiingozi zombane ngqo, ngomthamo wokuthwala umsinga ongaphezulu kwe-20kA.

• Inqanaba lesi-2 (ekupheleni kwe-inverter): Ithintela ukunyuka okushiyekileyo kwaye ikhusela izixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

• Inqanaba lesi-3 (ekupheleni kokusasazwa): Libonelela ngokhuseleko oluchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwamandla esiphelo.

3.2.3 Ukubeka iliso ngobuchule

Ii-alamu zexesha langempela kunye nezilumkiso zobude bobomi, ezinciphisa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa.

4. Kutheni ukhetha isikhuseli sethu sokushushuluza? — Yenzelwe iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic

Njengomthengisi okhokelayo wezisombululo zokukhusela ukugquma kolu shishino, iimveliso zethu zineenzuzo ezilandelayo eziphambili

4.1 Uhlengahlengiso lobuchwephesha lobuchwephesha kwiimfuno ze-photovoltaic

- Ukunyamezelana kombane ophezulu: Ixhasa inkqubo ye-1500V DC, idlula kakhulu umda we-1000V wee-SPD zemveli.

- Ukhuseleko lwe-arc ye-DC: Isixhobo esakhelwe ngaphakathi sokwaphula iisekethe ezikhawulezayo, ixesha lokuphendula

- Ukumelana nemozulu okunamandla: Inqanaba lokhuseleko lwe-IP65, elisebenza kumanqanaba obushushu ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi -40℃ ukuya kwi-85℃, lifanelekile kwiindawo ezirhabaxa ezifana neentlango kunye neendawo ezikunxweme.

4.2 Isiqinisekiso saMazwe ngaMazwe kunye noQinisekiso lokuThotyelwa kweMithetho

- Ndifumene iziqinisekiso zehlabathi jikelele ezifana ne-TUV, UL, kunye ne-IEC 61643-31, ezihlangabezana neemfuno ze-EU CE, i-US NEC 690 kunye neminye imithetho.

- Iingxelo ezipheleleyo zokulandelelwa kwezinto zesilicon, ezihlangabezana ngokulula neemfuno zophononongo ze-US UFLPA.

4.3 Ukuphuculwa kweeNkonzo ezongeziweyo ukuze kuphuculwe amava abathengi

- Izisombululo ezenzelwe wena: Yila amanqanaba okhuseleko ngokusekelwe kwimozulu yendawo kunye neemeko zegridi (ezifana nolwakhiwo oluphuculweyo lweendawo ezineendudumo ezixhaphakileyo).

- Ukubeka esweni kude: Imodyuli ye-IoT ekhethiweyo ingadibaniswa neqonga lokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwe-photovoltaic ukuze kufezekiswe isilumkiso sangethuba.

- Impendulo ekhawulezileyo: Izixhobo ezingasetyenziswayo zigcinwa kwiindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya, kwaye inkxaso yobugcisa iya kubonelelwa kwiiyure ezingama-48.

Ityala loMthengi:

- Sibonelele ngesisombululo esipheleleyo se-SPD kwisikhululo samandla se-photovoltaic esingu-300MW eSaudi Arabia, kungekho mbane utshayelwayo kwiminyaka emithathu.

- Emva kokuba abathengisi be-photovoltaic abahlala eJamani beyithengile, izinga lezikhalazo zabathengi lehle ngama-90%.

5. Ukujonga kwixesha elizayo: Ukhuseleko lwe-PV kunye nokunyuka kwamanzi luphuhliswa ngaxeshanye

Njengoko iteknoloji ye-photovoltaic iqhubeka nokukhula iye kwiivolthi eziphezulu (ezifana neenkqubo ze-2000V) kunye nobukrelekrele obukhulu, izikhuseli ze-surge nazo ziya kuphuculwa ngaxeshanye:

- Ubukrelekrele: I-AI iqikelela iingozi zokubethwa ngumbane kwaye ilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo amaqhinga okukhusela.

- Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha: Izixhobo zeSilicon Carbide (SiC) zonyusa isantya sokusabela kunye nobomi bokusebenza.

- Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo: Intsebenziswano enzulu nee-inverters kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ukuze kwenziwe inethiwekhi yokukhusela edibeneyo "esebenzayo + engasebenziyo".

Isiphelo

Khetha ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo lokukhusela ikamva le-photovoltaics

Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekutshintsheni kwamandla aluhlaza, kwaye umkhuseli we-surge "ngumgca wokhuselo ongabonakaliyo" wokusebenza kwayo okuzinzileyo ixesha elide. Sizimisele ukubonelela abathengi behlabathi ngezisombululo ze-SPD ezingabizi kakhulu nezithembekileyo, ukunceda yonke i-watt yombane ococekileyo ifikelele kwindawo yayo ngokukhuselekileyo.