Izixhobo zokukhusela umbane wangaphakathi kunye nezixhobo zokuntywila: Yintoni umahluko?

1. Ulwalamano Phakathi koKhuseleko lwangaphakathi loMbane kunye Ukhuseleko lokuGqibela

Ukhuseleko Lombane Lwangaphakathi (I-LPS Yangaphakathi):

Le yinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhusela umbane. Ibandakanya ukubopha okuxhotyisiweyo kombane kunye/okanye ukwahlulwa kombane kwinkqubo yokukhusela umbane yangaphandle.

Amanyathelo okukhusela ukugqabhuka koxinzelelo (i-SPM):

La ngamanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukukhusela iinkqubo zangaphakathi kwi-lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP). I-SPM ikwayinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhusela umbane iyonke.

Ngokutsho koMfanekiso 1 kwi-GB/T 21714.1, ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lombane luquka zombini iNkqubo yoKhuselo loMbane (LPS) kunye neMilinganiselo yoKhuselo loMbane (SPM). Ukhuseleko loMbane (SPM) lugutyungelwe kwi-GB/T 21714.4, ngelixa ukhuseleko lombane lwangaphakathi luyinxalenye ye-LPS (equka zombini iindawo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi), kwaye luchazwe kwi-GB/T 21714.3.

Umfanekiso 1 – Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwamalungu e-GB/T 21714

2. Imvelaphi yoKhuseleko lwangaphakathi loMbane kunye Ukhuseleko lokuGqibela

2.1 IEC 1024-1:1990

Kwi-IEC 1024-1:1990, "Ukhuseleko lwezakhiwo kumbane – Icandelo 1: Imigaqo Jikelele", icandelo 1.2.7 lichaza uKhuseleko lwaNgaphakathi loMbane njengamanyathelo ongezelelweyo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokukhusela umbane wangaphandle. La manyathelo anceda ukunciphisa iziphumo ze-electromagnetic zemijelo yombane ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhuselweyo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho kwe-IEC 1024-1:1990, i-LPS yangaphakathi ibandakanya yonke into ngaphandle kwe-LPS yangaphandle – ekwagubungela ukhuseleko kwi-electromagnetic pulses (LEMP).

2.2 IEC 62305-1:2006

Ngexesha le-IEC 62305-1:2006, "Ukhuseleko kumbane – Icandelo 1: Imigaqo Jikelele" (uhlelo lokuqala), iinkcazo zaba zichane ngakumbi:

3.42 Inkqubo yoKhuseleko loMbane wangaphakathi (LPS): Inxalenye ye-LPS equka ukubopha okunezixhobo kunye/okanye ukwahlulwa kombane kwi-LPS yangaphandle. 3.49 Inkqubo yoLungiso lwe-LEMP (LPMS): Inkqubo epheleleyo yamanyathelo okukhusela iinkqubo zangaphakathi kwi-lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP).

Uthotho lwe-IEC 62305-1 ukuya kwi-4:2006 luthathe indawo yemigangatho yangaphambili, ludibanisa amaxwebhu aliqela e-IEC TC81. Lwahlulahlula inkcazo endala ye-LPS yangaphakathi ukusuka kwi-IEC 1024 yaba ngamacandelo amabini: i-LPS yangaphakathi kunye ne-LPMS (yokukhusela i-LEMP). Kwi-IEC 62305-1:2024, i-LPMS yathiywa ngokusemthethweni yaba yi-Surge Protection Measures (SPM).

Amanyathelo amathathu okukhusela umbane wangaphakathi

Ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi lombane lubalulekile kwinkqubo yokukhusela umbane esebenza kakuhle. Ukuba akukho khuselo lwangaphakathi olukhoyo, imisinga yombane ehamba nge-LPS yangaphandle okanye kwezinye iindawo eziqhuba umbane zesakhiwo inokubangela iintlantsi eziyingozi. Ezi ntlantsi zingakhokelela kwimililo, ukwenzakala komntu, okanye umonakalo kwiziseko zophuhliso. Ngaphandle komahluko kwimigama yokwahlulwa, ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi luyafana kuwo onke amanqanaba okukhusela umbane. Iintlantsi zinokwenzeka phakathi kwe-LPS yangaphandle kunye nala macandelo alandelayo: Ufakelo lwesinyithi, iinkqubo zangaphakathi zesakhiwo, iindawo zokuqhuba umbane zangaphandle okanye imibhobho eqhagamshelwe kwisakhiwo esikhuselweyo.

Ngokwemigangatho, iintlantsi ezenzeka kwiindawo ezinokuqhuma kwisakhiwo zihlala zithathwa njengeziyingozi. Ukuthintela ukwakheka kweentlantsi, enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo kufuneka isetyenziswe: Ukubopha kwe-Equipotential, okanye; Ukufakelwa kombane phakathi kweendawo zesinyithi.

Iindlela zokubopha izixhobo (jonga uMfanekiso 2) ziquka oku kulandelayo:

Ii-bonding conductors, ezisetyenziswa xa uqhagamshelo lwendalo lungaboneleli ngokuqhubekeka kombane, umz., ngokuqhagamshela ngqo kwimibhobho yamanzi okanye yokufudumeza;

Izixhobo zoKhuseleko zeSurge (SPD), ezisetyenziswa xa ukubophelela ngqo kungenzeki, umz., kwimigca ye-voltage ephantsi; kunye

Ii-Isolated Spark Gaps (ISG), ezisetyenziswa xa ii-bonding conductors zingavumelekanga, umz., kwiipayipi zokukhusela i-cathodic okanye iipayipi zegesi.

Umfanekiso 2

Ukubopha izixhobo ukhuseleko lombane ineempawu ezilandelayo ezisekelwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-LPS yangaphandle:

I-LPS Ezimeleyo: Ukubopha kwenziwa kuphela kumgangatho ophantsi;

I-LPS eqhotyoshelweyo: Ukubopha kufuneka kwenziwe apha:

（1）Isiseko okanye umgangatho womhlaba, kunye;

（2）Nakweyiphi na indawo apho umgama ofunekayo wokwambathisa okanye wokwahlukanisa ungafikelelwa.

I-LPS egqunywe ngombane: Ukongeza kwi-bonding esezantsi, i-bonding ingenziwa nakwiinkqubo zokuphelisa umoya okanye kwii-downconductors.

4 Amanyathelo okukhusela ukugqabhuka

I-SPM esisiseko ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

(1) Uthungelwano lokubumba umhlaba kunye nokubopha

Inkqubo yokumba umhlaba iqhuba kwaye ikhuphe umbane ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni.

Inethiwekhi yokubopha inciphisa umahluko onokubakho kwaye inciphisa iziphumo zemagnethi.

(2) Ukhuselo lwe-electromagnetic kunye neentambo ezifanelekileyo

Ukukhusela indawo kunciphisa amandla emagnethi ngaphakathi kwi-LPZ okubangelwa kukubetha kombane ngqo okanye ukubetha kufutshane nesakhiwo, kwaye kunceda ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwangaphakathi.

Ukukhusela iintambo zangaphakathi ngeentambo ezikhuselweyo okanye iipayipi kunciphisa ukunyuka okubangelwa kukushukuma.

Uyilo olufanelekileyo lwentambo yangaphakathi lunceda ekunciphiseni ii-induction loops kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuka kwangaphakathi. Ukukhusela imigca yangaphandle kwindawo yokungena kwisakhiwo kunciphisa ukunyuka okwenziwa kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi.

(3) Inkqubo ye-SPD edibeneyo

Inkqubo ye-SPD edibeneyo ithintela impembelelo yokunyuka kwangaphandle nangaphakathi.

(4) Iindawo zokuzahlula

Ii-interfaces zokuzahlula ziyanciphisa impembelelo yokunyuka okuqhutywayo kwimigca engena kwi-LPZ.

Ukubopha umhlaba kunye nokuxhoma ngezixhobo kufuneka kuhlale kuqinisekisiwe, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokungena kwisakhiwo - nokuba kukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokuqhagamshela inkonzo nganye yokuqhuba kwi-SPD njengenxalenye yokubopha ngezixhobo.

(5) Ukusetyenziswa kweNkqubo zeSilumkiso seeNkanyamba (TWS)

Isiqendu 7.1 se-IEC 62305-1:2024 sithi ukusebenzisa i-TWS ngokuhambelana ne-IEC 62793 kunokusebenza njengenyathelo lokukhusela ngokunqamula iinkonzo zangaphandle, kunceda ekunciphiseni ukuphindaphindeka komonakalo kwiinkqubo zombane neze-elektroniki.

5 Isiphelo

Amanyathelo enkqubo yangaphakathi ajolise ekuthinteleni ukuqhuma okuyingozi, kubandakanya ukubopha kwe-lightning equipotential ne-SPD yenqanaba lokuqala. Ukhuseleko lokugqabhuka lujongana ikakhulu nokugqabhuka okuchaphazela iinkqubo zangaphakathi, kwaye ii-SPD ezisetyenziselwa le njongo kufuneka zihambelane ne-SPD yenqanaba lokuqala, kodwa ungabandakanyi inqanaba lokuqala. I-SPD ngokwayo.