1. Okwangoku imeko kwishishini le-photovoltaic (amandla elanga)

1.1 Ukukhula Okukhawulezileyo kweMarike yeHlabathi yePhotovoltaic

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini le-photovoltaic lehlabathi liye labona ukukhula okukhulu. Ngokwedatha evela kwi-International Energy Agency (IEA), ngo-2023, amandla amatsha e-photovoltaic afakiweyo kwihlabathi liphela adlule kwi-350 GW, kwaye amandla afakiweyo aqokelelweyo adlule kwi-1.5 TW. Amazwe kunye nemimandla efana neTshayina, i-United States, iYurophu, kunye neIndiya ziye zaba ngamandla aphambili kwimarike ye-photovoltaic.

- ITshayina: Njengemakethi enkulu yelanga ye-photovoltaic ehlabathini, iTshayina yongeze ngaphezulu kwe-200 GW yomthamo welanga we-photovoltaic ngo-2023, nto leyo ebangela ngaphezulu kwe-57% yomthamo omtsha ofakiweyo kwihlabathi liphela. Inkxaso karhulumente kwimigaqo-nkqubo, inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zezona zinto ziphambili eziqhuba uphuhliso lweshishini lelanga le-photovoltaic laseTshayina.

- IYurophu: Ichatshazelwe yimfazwe phakathi kweRashiya neUkraine, iYurophu yakhawulezisa utshintsho lwayo lwamandla. Ngo-2023, amandla amatsha afakiweyo e-solar photovoltaic adlule kwi-60 GW, nto leyo ebangele ukukhula okukhulu kumazwe afana neJamani, iSpain, neNetherlands.

- I-United States: Ikhuthazwa yi-Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), imakethi ye-solar photovoltaic yase-US iqhubekile nokukhula, ngomthamo omtsha ofakelweyo omalunga ne-40 GW ngo-2023.

- I-Indiya: Urhulumente waseIndiya ukhuthaza ngamandla uphuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngowama-2023, amandla amatsha afakelweyo e-solar photovoltaic adlule kwi-20 GW, ngenjongo yokufikelela kwi-500 GW yamandla avuselelekayo afakelweyo ngo-2030.

1.2Inkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji ye-photovoltaic

Ubuchule obuqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji ye-photovoltaic bukhokelele ekwandeni kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa umbane welanga:

- Iiteknoloji zebhetri ezisebenzayo kakhulu ezifana nePERC, TOPCon, kunye neHJT: Iiseli zePERC (Passivated Emitter kunye neRear Contact) zihlala zizezona ziphambili, kodwa iiteknoloji zeTOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) kunye neHJT (Heterojunction) ziyanda kancinci kancinci isabelo sazo semarike ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kokuguqula (>24%).

- Iiseli zelanga zasePerovskite: Njengeteknoloji ye-photovoltaic yesizukulwana esilandelayo, iiseli ze-perovskite zifikelele ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwelebhu ngaphezulu kwe-33% kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zikwazi ukusebenza zorhwebo kwixesha elizayo.

- Iimodyuli ezimbini kunye nee-tracking mounts: Iimodyuli ezimbini zinokunyusa ukuveliswa kombane nge-10% ukuya kwi-20%, ngelixa ii-tracking mounts ziphucula i-engile yokukhanya kwelanga, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.

1.3I iindleko zokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ziyaqhubeka nokwehla

Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, iindleko zokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic zehle ngaphezulu kwama-80%. Ngokutsho kwe-IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), iindleko zombane ezilinganisiweyo kwihlabathi liphela (i-LCOE) zamandla e-photovoltaic ngo-2023 zehle zaya kwi-0.03 - 0.05 yeedola zaseMelika nge-kWh, ngaphantsi kunezo zokuveliswa kwamandla ngamalahle kunye negesi yendalo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona mithombo zamandla zikhuphisanayo.

1.4 Uphuhliso oludibeneyo lokugcina amandla kunye ne-photovoltaic

Ngenxa yokwenzeka kokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic okuhlala ixesha elide, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla (ezifana neebhetri ze-lithium, iibhetri ze-sodium-ion, iibhetri zokuhamba, njl.njl.) ngokudibeneyo kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ngo-2023, amandla asandul’ ukufakwa eeprojekthi zokugcina amandla e-photovoltaic kunye ne-energy adlule kwi-30 GW, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ihlale ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

2. I ukubaluleka yoshishino lwe-photovoltaic

2.1 Ukujongana nemozulu utshintsho kunye nokukhuthaza iinjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni

Amazwe kwihlabathi liphela akhawulezisa utshintsho lwawo lwamandla ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu. Amandla elanga, njengenxalenye ephambili yamandla acocekileyo, adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni injongo "yokungakhethi cala kwekhabhoni". NgokweSivumelwano saseParis, ngo-2030, isabelo sehlabathi samandla ahlaziyekayo kufuneka sifikelele ngaphezulu kwe-40%, kwaye amandla elanga aya kuba ngomnye wemithombo yamandla ephambili.

2.2 Ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nokuzimela

Imithombo yamandla yemveli (efana neoyile kunye negesi yendalo) ichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-geopolitics, ngelixa izixhobo zamandla elanga zisasazwa ngokubanzi kwaye zinokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumandla angeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, iYurophu inciphise imfuno yayo yegesi yendalo yaseRashiya ngokusebenzisa izityalo zamandla ezinkulu ze-photovoltaic, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukuzimela kwayo kwamandla.

2.3 Ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nengqesho

Ikhonkco leshishini le-photovoltaic liquka amakhonkco amaninzi afana nezinto ze-silicon, ii-silicon wafers, iibhetri, iimodyuli, ii-inverters, ii-brackets, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla, ezidale izigidi zemisebenzi kwihlabathi liphela. Abasebenzi ngqo kwishishini le-photovoltaic laseTshayina badlula izigidi ezi-3, kwaye amashishini e-photovoltaic eYurophu nase-United States nawo ayanda ngokukhawuleza.

2.4 Ukufakelwa kombane emaphandleni kunye nokunciphisa ubuhlwempu

Kumazwe asakhasayo, ii-photovoltaic microgrids kunye neenkqubo zelanga zasekhaya zibonelela ngombane kwiindawo ezikude kwaye ziphucula iimeko zokuphila zabemi. Umzekelo, "iiSolar Home Systems" eAfrika zincede amashumi ezigidi zabantu ukuba baphume kwimeko yokungabi nambane.

3.Imfuneko yesixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza (i-SPD) kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic

3.1 Ukubetha kombane kunye neengozi zokugaleleka kwamanzi ezijongene neenkqubo ze-photovoltaic

Izikhululo zamandla ze-photovoltaic zihlala zifakelwa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo (ezifana neentlango, uphahla, neentaba), kwaye zisengozini enkulu yokubetha imibane kunye nefuthe le-overvoltage. Iingozi eziphambili ziquka:

- Ukubetha kombane ngokuthe ngqo: Ukubetha ngqo kwiimodyuli ze-photovoltaic okanye izixhasi, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo kwizixhobo.

- Umbane obangelwayo: I-electromagnetic pulse evela kumbane ibangela i-voltage ephezulu kwiintambo, yonakalisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezifana nee-inverters kunye nabalawuli.

- Ukuguquguquka kwegridi: Ii-overvoltages zokusebenza kwicala legridi (ezifana nezenzo zokutshintsha, iimpazamo zesekethe emfutshane) zinokudluliselwa kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic.

3.2 Umsebenzi weSixhobo soKhuselo lokuKhukula (i-SPD)

Izikhuseli zokushushu ngamandla zezona zixhobo ziphambili zokukhusela umbane kunye nokukhusela i-overvoltage kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic. Imisebenzi yazo ephambili ibandakanya:

- Ukunciphisa ii-overvoltages ezidlulayo: Ukulawula ii-voltages eziphezulu eziveliswa kukubetha kombane okanye ukuguquguquka kwegridi ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo.

- Ukukhupha imisinga yokugaleleka kwamanzi: Ukukhawulezisa ukukhokelela imisinga egqithisileyo emhlabeni ukukhusela izixhobo ezisezantsi.

- Ukuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo: Ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi kwezixhobo kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi okubangelwa kukubethwa ngumbane okanye ukunyuka kwamandla.

3.3 Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SPD kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic

Ukhuseleko lokushushu kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic kufuneka luyilwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo:

- Ukhuseleko kwicala le-DC (ukusuka kwiimodyuli ze-photovoltaic ukuya kwi-inverter):

- Faka i-Type II SPD kwisiphelo sokufaka umtya ukuthintela umbane obangelwayo kunye nokugqithisa kwamandla okusebenza.

- Faka i-Type I + II SPD kwisiphelo se-DC input se-inverter ukuze ujongane nosongelo oludibeneyo lombane othe ngqo nowenziweyo.

- Ukhuseleko kwicala le-AC (ukusuka kwi-inverter ukuya kwigridi):

- Faka i-Type II SPD kwisiphelo sesiphumo se-inverter ukuthintela ukungena kwe-grid-side overvoltage.

- Faka i-Type III SPD kwikhabhathi yokusasaza ukuze ukhusele izixhobo ezibuthathaka.

3.4 Amanqaku aphambili okukhetha izikhuseli zokuntywila

- Ukuhambelana kwenqanaba leVolthi: I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (Uc) ye-SPD kufuneka ibe phezulu kune-voltage yenkqubo (umzekelo, inkqubo ye-photovoltaic ye-1000Vdc ifuna i-SPD ene-Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Umthamo wangoku: Umsinga wokukhupha (In) we-DC side SPD kufuneka ube yi-≥ 20kA, kwaye umsinga wokukhupha ophezulu (Imax) kufuneka ube yi-≥ 40kA.

- Inqanaba lokhuseleko: Ufakelo lwangaphandle kufuneka luhlangabezane nokhuseleko lwe-IP65 okanye ngaphezulu, olufanelekele iindawo ezinobungozi.

- Imigangatho yesatifikethi: Iyahambelana ne-IEC 61643-31 (umgangatho we-SPDs ezithile ze-photovoltaic) kunye ne-UL 1449 kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso zamazwe ngamazwe.

3.5 Iingozi ezinokubakho zokungafaki i-SPD

- Umonakalo kwizixhobo: Izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezichanekileyo ezifana nee-inverters kunye neenkqubo zokubeka esweni zisengozini yempembelelo ekhawulezayo kwaye iindleko zokulungisa ziphezulu.

- Ukulahleka kokuveliswa kombane: Ukubethwa ngumbane kubangela ukuvalwa kweenkqubo, okuchaphazela inzuzo yokuveliswa kombane.

- Ingozi yomlilo: Umbane ogqithisileyo unokubangela imililo yombane, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko kukhuseleko lwesikhululo samandla.

4. Ehlabathini jikelele Iindlela zeMarike yoMkhuseli wePV Surge

4.1 Ukukhula kweMfuno yeMarike

Ngenxa yokwanda ngokukhawuleza kwamandla okufakelwa kwe-photovoltaic, imakethi yabakhuseli be-surge nayo ikhule ngaxeshanye. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ubungakanani bemakethi ye-photovoltaic SPD yehlabathi buza kudlula iibhiliyoni ezi-2 zeerandi zaseMelika ngo-2025, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo (CAGR) le-15%.

4.2 Isikhokelo sobuchule bokuvelisa izinto ezintsha

- I-SPD ekrelekrele: Ixhotyiswe ngemisebenzi yangoku yokubeka esweni kunye ne-alamu yempazamo, kwaye ixhasa ukusebenza kude.

- Amanqanaba aphezulu ombane: Ii-SPD ezinezinga eliphezulu lombane (ezifana ne-1500V) ziye zaba zezona ziphambili.

- Ixesha elide lokuphila: Ukusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ezibuthathaka (ezifana neteknoloji ye-zinc oxide composite), kuphucula ukuqina kwee-SPD.

4.3 Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuKhuthazwa okuMiselweyo

- Imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-IEC 62305 (uMgangatho woKhuseleko loMbane) kunye ne-IEC 61643-31 (uMgangatho we-Photovoltaic SPD) iyalela ukuba iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zixhotyiswe ngokhuseleko lokuhamba kwamanzi.

- "Iinkcukacha zoBugcisa zoKhuselo loMbane lweZitishi zoMbane zePhotovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) eTshayina zichaza ngokucacileyo iimfuno zokukhetha nokufakela i-SPD.

5.Isiphelo: Ishishini le-photovoltaic alinakuphila ngaphandle kwabakhuseli be-surge

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini le-photovoltaic lufake impembelelo enamandla kutshintsho lwamandla lwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubetha kombane kunye neengozi zokudlondlobala akunakutyeshelwa. Izikhuseli zokudlondlobala, njengesiqinisekiso esiphambili sokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic, zinokunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokonakala kwezixhobo, ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane, kwaye zandise ubomi benkqubo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kokufakelwa kwe-photovoltaic kunye nophuhliso lweegridi ezikrelekrele, ii-SPD ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo kakhulu ziya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezikhululo zamandla ze-photovoltaic.

Kubatyali-mali abasebenzisa i-photovoltaic, iinkampani ze-EPC kunye namaqela okusebenza nokugcina, ukukhetha izikhuseli zombane ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide kwesikhululo samandla kunye nokwandisa imbuyekezo yotyalo-mali.