Indlela Yokukhetha ngokuchanekileyo Isixhobo Esikhuselayo Sokugquma (i-SPD)

Indlela Yokukhetha ngokuchanekileyo Isixhobo Esikhuselayo Sokugquma (i-SPD)

I. Iikhrayitheriya zoKhetho oluPhambili

1. Khetha Uhlobo lwe-SPD olusekelwe kwiNqanaba loKhuselo

• I-SPD yodidi lokuqala (Uvavanyo lohlobo 1): Ifakwe kwindawo yokungena ephambili yephaneli yokusasaza ukuze imelane nokubethwa ngumbane ngokuthe ngqo okanye okubangelwa yimvula (umbane okhutshwayo ≥12.5kA, kucetyiswa ukuba yi-25kA~100kA). Sebenzisa ii-SPD ezixutyiweyo (indibaniselwano ye-GDT + MOV) ezingenawo umbane olandelwayo kunye nombane oshiyekileyo ophantsi.
• I-SDP yeKlasi yesiBini (Uvavanyo loHlobo lwesi-2): Isetyenziswa kwiiphaneli zokusasazwa okuncinci okanye kwiindawo zegumbi lezixhobo ukunciphisa i-overvoltage ebangelwayo (umbane okhutshwayo oyi-20kA~40kA). Ii-MOV ezithintela i-voltage ezine-voltage eseleyo eyi-≤1.5kV ziqhelekile.
• I-Class III SPD (Uvavanyo lohlobo 3): Ifakwe kufutshane nezixhobo zesiphelo (umz., iiseva, iiswitshi) ukukhusela izixhobo ezibuthathaka (ukukhupha umbane ongu-10kA~20kA), kunye ne-residual voltage ≤1.2kV.

2. Iiparameter zeNkqubo yokuTshatisa

• IVolthi Esebenzayo Eqhubekekayo Ephezulu (Uc): Kufuneka ibe yi-≥1.15 amaxesha evolthi eqhelekileyo yenkqubo (umz., khetha i-Uc ≥440V kwinkqubo ye-380V) ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqalisa okungeyonyani ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwevolthi.
   
• Inqanaba loKhuseleko lweVolthi (Phezulu): I-SPD yeKlasi yoku-1: Phezulu ≤2.5kV
  I-SPD yeKlasi yesiBini: Inyuke ≤1.5kV
  I-Class III SPD: Inyuke ≤1.2kV Qinisekisa ukuba inyuke ≤80% yevolthi yokumelana nezixhobo.
     
• Ixesha Lokuphendula:
  I-SPD yeKlasi yoku-1: ≤25ns
  I-SPD yeKlasi yesiBini: ≤25ns
  I-SPD yeKlasi yesiThathu: ≤1ns

3. Iimfuno zokuGcina umhlaba kunye nokufaka umhlaba

• Ukumelana nokuGcina umhlaba: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω kwiindawo ezinokumelana nomhlaba ophezulu), kunye nomqhubi wokuGcina umhlaba onqamlezileyo ≥25mm².
• Indawo yoFakelo: Beka phambili ukusondela kwizixhobo ezikhuselweyo, unciphise ubude be-lead (ubude be-lead iyonke ≤0.5m) ukuze kuthintelwe ukufakwa kwe-voltage ebangelwayo.

II. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
1. Ukhetho lohlobo lwe-SPD

• I-SPD yokutshintsha iVolthi (GDT): Umsinga wokukhupha ophezulu (≥100kA) kodwa iingozi zilandela ukuphazamiseka komsinga kunye nombane; ifanele kuphela ukhuseleko lweKlasi I.
• I-SPD eLimiting Voltage (MOV): I-voltage eseleyo ephantsi kodwa ithambekele ekwaluphaleni; ifuna ukubekwa esweni rhoqo.
• I-Hybrid SPD: Idibanisa iingenelo zokutshintsha kunye neentlobo zokunciphisa; icetyiswa kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko ezinamanqanaba amaninzi.

2. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamanqanaba

• Ubuncinane besithuba phakathi kwee-SPD eziphezulu nezisezantsi: ≥10m (ukutshintsha + ukunciphisa) okanye ≥5m (ukunciphisa + ukunciphisa); kungenjalo, faka izixhobo zokudibanisa.
• Ifomula yokulungelelanisa amandla: I-SPD ephezulu ifunxa ama-80% wamandla, i-SPD ephantsi ifunxa ama-20%.

3. Ukhuseleko lwe-Backup

• Ii-circuit breakers okanye ii-fuses eziqhagamshelwe ngochungechunge (umlinganiselo wangoku oqikelelweyo ≥1.5 ngokuphindwe kabini nge-SPD continuous current) ukuthintela ukunyuka kwe-short-circuit.
• Khetha ii-SPD ezinezalathisi zokuwohloka kombane ukuze zikwazi ukuqhawuka ngokuzenzekelayo kunye ne-alamu xa zingasebenzi.

4. Iimfuno zeMeko eKhethekileyo

• Inkqubo ye-TN-C: Sebenzisa imo ye-3+NPE okanye ye-3P+N ukuze uphephe iingozi zokuphinda ubambe umgca we-PEN.
• Inkqubo ye-TT: Faka i-SPD phakathi kwemigca ye-N kunye ne-PE ukuthintela ukuvela komahluko onokubakho.

III. Uvavanyo loQinisekiso loYilo
1. Uvavanyo lokuKhanya koMbane: Qinisekisa ukuba i-SPD iyakwazi ukumelana namandla angaphantsi kwe-10/350μs waveform (Class I) okanye i-residual voltage phantsi kwe-8/20μs waveform (Class II/III).
2. Uvavanyo lokuZinza koBushushu: Ukuhamba kombane okuqhubekayo iiyure ezi-2 (50% ye-Imax), ukujonga ukunyuka kobushushu ≤60K.
3. Ukubeka esweni ukubola: Sebenzisa izinzwa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ukujonga umsinga wokuvuza (ixabiso eliqhelekileyo

IV. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezisombululo  

Impazamo 1: Ukungawunaki uhlobo lokumisa inkqubo, okubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-SPD.
Isisombululo: Kwiinkqubo ze-TN, khetha i-3P+N; kwiinkqubo ze-TT, khetha i-3P+PE; kwiinkqubo ze-IT, khetha i-3P.
Impazamo 2: Ukungabikho kwesithuba esaneleyo se-SPD, okukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni phakathi kwezigaba.
Isisombululo: Gcina ≥10m phakathi kwee-SPD eziphezulu/ezisezantsi okanye ufake ii-decoupling inductors (≥1mH).
Impazamo 3: Ukungawunaki ukhuseleko oluvela kwi-backup, oku kukubeka emngciphekweni umlilo emva kokuphela kwe-SPD.
Isisombululo: Iifusi eziqhagamshelwe ngochungechunge (umlinganiselo wangoku ophindwe ka-≥1.5 ngokuphindwe ngomlinganiselo wangoku oqhubekayo we-SPD).

Isishwankathelo  
Ukukhethwa kwe-SPD kufuna uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-voltage yenkqubo, umngcipheko wombane, amandla okumelana nezixhobo, kunye nendawo yokufakela. Ii-SPD zeKlasi I zibeka phambili amandla okukhupha, ngelixa iKlasi II/III igxile kulawulo lwe-voltage eseleyo. Ii-SPD zeSignali kufuneka zihambelane neentlobo ze-interface. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo (umz., umsinga wokuvuza, ukuguga ngokomzimba) kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokhuseleko lwexesha elide.